And home comfort. The role of a woman in the family is very important, because many men are not able to take care of themselves. A well-kept house, clean dishes, a delicious dinner and beautiful curtains that match the room - these are all the merits of a woman. If there is no woman's hand in the house, then the entire environment is devoid of comfort. Children also cannot be born without a woman. Growing up without a mother, a child does not receive all the knowledge and skills; his psychology is very different from the psychology of other children.

Woman in ancient times

Was this the role of a woman in the family, as it is described in the story about the cat who walked by herself? In ancient times, a woman did not deal with the extraction of food; her duty was to wait for her husband in a cave, fry a mammoth caught by a man, equip a family nest, and raise children. At that time, people lived in groups; a woman could not choose a man for herself. The man was the initiator and chose a healthy female. Later, women began to participate in the hunt; their task was to drive the animal into a trap with stones, and then the men would knock it down.

In Antiquity, when the minds of people became more developed, women in many countries were worshiped, protected and listened to, completely trusted with power. In Ancient Greece, the role of women in the family and society was a purely state function. Her task was to tell her husband what and how to do correctly, to guide him. At that time there were no love marriages; all relationships and families were built according to political interests. Having children was also a task set by the state. If a woman could not have children, then the man had every right to bring another into the house. He, of course, did not marry her, his wife remained the same, but the relationship was in front of everyone, and this was considered the norm. If such a common-law wife gave birth to children, then they became full heirs.

Women in the history of government

Women have always been distinguished by their flexible mind and cunning. Many rulers achieved the throne thanks to these qualities. Some knew how to twist their husbands so much that history was built according to their scenario. The role of women in the royal family was not the last, no matter how many may think. One has only to remember the beautiful Ukrainian girl Roksolana, who, due to her intelligence and beauty, became the beloved wife of the eastern ruler, relegating the previous one to the background. She became not only a wife, but also a friend, which rarely happens in Eastern families. She was his closest adviser, and her husband did everything that Roksolana, a former captive of the Tatars and concubine, advised him. In the history of Russia, Elizabeth and Catherine were also strong. And the wives of the Russian tsars had no less power than the ruler himself.

Women of the East

The role of a woman in an Eastern family is the last. In such families, she has no right to vote or choice. In many Eastern countries, a woman is not even considered a human being; she lives separately from her husband, doing absolutely all the housework, no matter how hard it may be. A woman has no right to sit at the same table with men or enter a mosque when there are men there. Her role is to give birth to sons. The birth of daughters often causes anger; daughters become slaves like their mother, they begin to work in the fields and around the house from early childhood, and take care of their brothers and father. Girls are married off early so as not to waste extra food on them. If no one takes a girl as a wife, she becomes a disgrace to the family, has no right to have any relationships with men, only takes care of her sisters’ children and helps her brothers’ wives.

During Soviet times, it was the woman who was responsible for the safety of the family, raising children and their future lives. No matter what happens in the family: the husband got drunk and was fired from work, the son brought a bad mark in his diary, the woman is to blame. At that time, a woman did not wash her dirty laundry in public, she hid all problems from her friends and relatives, because the psychology of Soviet citizens was structured in such a way that a woman was responsible for all men’s mistakes. It was considered a shame that a woman could not cope with the household and please her husband. Getting a divorce in Soviet times or giving birth was a shame for her. Everything that the husband and child achieved was considered the woman’s merit; then she was considered an exemplary citizen, a good housewife. The children did not dare to disobey their mother, and they could get punishment from their father for this. The woman took care of family life, did accounting, and went to work, just like a man. At that time there were different women too. Social science of Soviet times indicates that a man worked for the good of the Motherland, and a woman worked for the good of the family. A man’s achievements directly depended on what a woman achieved in family life. There is harmony and prosperity in the family - the man is calm and works well.

The role of feminists in the status of women

The role of women in the modern world is what it is today, thanks to feminists. Not so long ago, in the twentieth century, a woman did not have the right to take part in elections and voting. If men were allowed everything, then women were only allowed to allow men everything. They could not wear open clothes and trousers; the length of the skirt had to be such that it covered the knees. Over time, this inequality in society caused discontent and anger among women. They began organizing parades and rallies to achieve equality. Not immediately, but it was achieved. The first achievement of feminists was that women could vote, elect and hold public office on an equal basis with men.

A man in a woman's life

And yet a woman is a woman. It is important for her to be loved by a man so that he takes care of her. No matter what job or position a woman has, no matter how much time she devotes to it, she will always find time for a relationship. A woman cannot exist without a man, just as a man cannot exist without a woman. It's always easier and more comfortable together.

Woman and her family

The role of family in a woman's life is important. Nature inherent in this gender is the desire to take care of someone, to have a family and children. Many girls rush to get married at an early age in order to create their own home. They need family like they need air. If men can lead a bachelor lifestyle for a long time, then women do not need this freedom; they need stable and strong relationships, giving birth and raising children. Without a family, a representative of the fair half of humanity does not feel complete; she needs to build her own nest, wait for her husband from work and her children from school.

The role of a woman in a modern family

In modern society there are no differences based on gender. Men and women are equal both at work and at home. A lady has the right to absolutely everything (within the limits of the law), she decides who to marry, how many children to have, which president to vote for. The role of a woman in the family depends only on her. She can completely manage everything herself, manage the household and track the budget, or she can share these chores with her husband. But creating comfort still depends only on her. It is not in the nature of a man to maintain order and strive to create a warm environment; this is a purely female prerogative. Ladies work equally with men, earning money to live, keeping the house in order, preparing dinners, taking care of their husbands and children. In the modern world, women participate more in the life and well-being of the family than men, sparing no effort and time. But it’s simpler and easier for her - everything in the family is the way she wants it, this is her next trick.

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Introduction

1. The position of women in modern society

2. Demographic situation

3. Sphere of work

4. Economic independence and security

5. Rights of women workers

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The twentieth century entered world history not only with grandiose revolutionary events and social upheavals, senseless bloody wars, incalculable losses of human lives and material values, but also caused a huge rise in the creative activity of the masses, in particular women. Of course, 1917, the events of the February and October days, occupies a special place here. They also had a great influence on the application of women's status in the family and society. Regardless of nationality, age and religion, they were recognized as equal citizens; a wide road to knowledge, treasuries of domestic and world culture, participation in production and public life opened before them.

In August 1991, our country entered a new socio-economic formation, recognizing the orientation towards building communism as a dead-end, utopian path. The main goal was to build a democratic society based on a market economy and respect for human rights. “Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is the duty of the state,” says the second article of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Determining the place and role of women in society is one of the most pressing and pressing issues of our time, and the essence and effectiveness of social and legal support for women is especially important. This explains the relevance of the topic I have chosen.

The purpose of the essay is to analyze the social role of women in Russia.

1. The position of women in modern society

The impact of political, economic, social, institutional changes on the position of women, on their role as both objects and participants in social development has always been extremely complex and even contradictory. On the one hand, a woman was placed on a pedestal, her role was seen mainly in creating and maintaining a family home and raising children, but on the other hand, this did not prevent women from being used in hard work and turning a blind eye to the inequality in wages between men and women. As the need for labor increased in the United States, for example, women joined the ranks of wage earners, particularly in the textile industry, one of the first major industrial sectors. And this despite the fact that for a long time a married American woman could not own property, sign contracts in her own name, or even manage her own salary.

It took centuries before the developed countries of Europe and America proclaimed equal rights for citizens regardless of gender. Society began to gradually move away from the rigid binding of certain economic and behavioral norms on the basis of gender, from traditional concepts of the gender-based division of household, parental responsibilities and work activity outside the home. If we look from the perspective of today, fundamental shifts in the position of women are especially often visible, reflecting the convergence of the social and economic roles of men and women. At the same time, the scale and depth of these shifts are extremely different for different cultural and ethnic groups of the population (including those living in the territory of one state) and are very limited for those of them where traditional values ​​determine the strongest differentiation of the roles of men and women. Of the 43 countries (24 developed and 19 developing) for which data are available, none increased their human development index (HDI) after adjusting for gender inequality. The HDI was first introduced in the Human Development Report (1990) and is an integral indicator of three main components - life expectancy, education, and standard of living. This adjustment for inequality between the sexes consists of multiplying the total HDI by an inequality coefficient obtained by averaging the percentages of each component for women relative to the corresponding indicator for men for income, education, and life expectancy. -- Lebedeva L.F. Gender challenges and reality: women's rights and status. //US Economy. -- 1996. No. 6, -- P. 28-43.

Continuing to experience the impact of various, albeit much milder and smoother forms of discrimination, women also faced new challenges in the field of social, economic, environmental and personal security. In recent decades, for them, to a much greater extent than for men, the risk of single parenthood and dependence on government assistance, the need to care for elderly relatives, temporary, part-time and other forms of employment (against their wishes) has increased. With less social security, decreased income security, and lonely, low-income old age.

Along with the problems common to women in developed countries - threats to health, life, restrictions on participation in public life, in Russia in the 90s, women were also faced with the need to adapt to fundamentally new living conditions. The ongoing transformations in the future will open up new opportunities for accelerating the integration of women into the sphere of economics, politics and culture, but they can also serve as a source of aggravation of the conflict between the main roles of a woman: mother, housewife, professional worker, economically independent and freely developed individual.

2. Demographic situation

Numerical superiority is a risk zone. Women make up the majority of the population in almost every country in the world. Their numerical superiority is achieved mainly due to mature and older ages, because For every 100 girls, an average of 104-107 boys are born, and only when the generation reaches the age of 15-20 years does this ratio level out. In older age groups, women, as a rule, outnumber men, and in some subgroups - quite significantly.

The numerical advantage of women is especially noticeable in Russia, where there are 114 women per 100 men, compared with 105 on average in the European Union and North America. Human Development Report.-- 1994, N4. -- P. 190.

In Russia, for more than a hundred years, the number of women has outnumbered the number of men, which became especially noticeable after World War II due to losses among the male population during the war and high male mortality in the post-war period. Only in 1989 did the proportion of women in the Russian population decrease from 56%, but already the 1994 microcensus again recorded a change in the ratio in favor of women, primarily associated with an unprecedentedly sharp increase in peacetime in the already high mortality rate of men. In 1994, the minimum excess of women (50.1-50.5%) was noted in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, among the urban population of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug, the rural population of the Buryat and Autonomous Okrug; and the maximum (55.5-55.8%) was among the townspeople of the Novgorod region, the Republic of Mordovia, and among the rural population of the Ryazan region. Main results of the 1994 microcensus. - M., 1994. - P. 23-32.

The numerical superiority of women in Russia begins in the age group of 40-44 years and increases in older age groups, which is primarily due to their higher level of life expectancy, observed everywhere in both industrialized and most developing countries.

Based on the above, we can conclude that the prospect of widowhood and loneliness for Russian women is becoming more and more likely and dramatic, both relative to the previous period and in comparison with other countries. For Russian society as a whole, the widening gender gap in life expectancy entails such unfavorable consequences as an increase in the number of single-parent families headed by women and widows in need of material, psychological support, and special services; and in the longer term - further worsening of the imbalance in the numerical ratio of the sexes, a reduction in the marriage rate and the reproductive potential of the population.

The fundamental difference in the demographic situation of women in Russia is the absolute decline in their life expectancy that has emerged since the late 1980s. Having reached a peak in 1987 (74.6 years), this figure began to decline steadily and in 1994 amounted to only 70.8 years - the lowest level in the last 40 years; The gap in life expectancy between Russia and developed countries continues to widen. If in the middle of the century, in terms of life expectancy for women, Russia was close to the North American region and some Western European countries, then at its end it was on the same level as Saudi Arabia, Holland, and Lebanon.

In Russia, the “ninth wave” of mortality in the 90s also affected women, although to a lesser extent than men. The probability of dying from accidents has become especially high - the mortality rate from these causes is approximately 70 per 100 thousand people, which is more than 2 times higher than the European average. Significant increase in consumption of alcoholic beverages, incl. not meeting the standard, led to an increase in the risk of alcohol poisoning not only among men, but also among women. Only in the period 1989-1993. death as a result of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis increased among women by 2.6 times.

Of particular concern is the increase in maternal mortality in Russia, the level of which in 1994 amounted, for example, to an average of 52.3 cases per 100 thousand children born, equal to similar indicators in Uruguay and Guatemala.

Change in parental and marital status. In contrast to the Russia-specific trend towards a reduction in life expectancy and an unprecedented rise in mortality, a decline in the birth rate is a phenomenon characteristic of developed countries for more than three decades. In Russia, the steady trend of declining fertility, interrupted by periods of stability, and sometimes disrupted by some rise in the birth rate, sharply intensified in the early 90s: the fertility rate (FR) per Russian woman fell to an unprecedented low level of 1.39 in 1993. The sharp drop in the birth rate is the result of both general profound shifts in the reproductive behavior of the population, as well as the reaction of Russians to economic destabilization and weakening of social structures in the country. The mass refusal to have children in Russia in the early 90s was a unique way to stop the rapidly declining standard of living of a significant part of the population. The decline in fertility affected Russian women of all fertile age groups.

In recent years, it has spread to the youngest of them - Russian women under 20 years old, for whom the intensity of childbearing has so far been steadily increasing, which has contributed to the rejuvenation of the birth rate in Russia, in contrast to the United States and Western European countries. Reproductive plans of women in the fertile age group of 18-44 years: 24% do not intend to have children at all, 41% intend to have only one child, 31% - two, and only 3.4% - three or more children. Of every four women of this age who have one child, three do not plan to have a second. Main results of the 1994 microcensus. -- P.10.

At the same time, there is an increase in the number of children born out of wedlock. Only in 1990-1994. the share of such children among newborns increased from 12.6 to 19.6%.

The process of decreasing the birth rate and increasing the number of children born out of wedlock goes in parallel with qualitative changes in the institutions of marriage and family, in particular, with the increasing frequency of divorces, postponing marriages, and the development of such forms of relationships as unregistered marriage. In the context of the socio-economic transformation of Russian society, along with a decrease in the marriage rate, there has been a sharp increase in the instability of marriages. As a result, the divorce-to-marriage ratio increased to 63% in 1994 and 76.2% in the first half of 1995.

All these phenomena not only lead to changes in the marital, parental, and family status of women, but also create many problems in modern social culture.

3. Sphere of work

At all stages of historical development, women made their labor contribution to the well-being of the family, community, and nation, but their participation in social production became especially large-scale and all-encompassing in the twentieth century.

Women have become the main source of employment growth in many developed countries. A feature of the growth in employment of American women in the last decade is the rapid increase in the number of married women participating in wage labor.

As for single, widowed and divorced women, due to the need for self-sufficiency in the conditions of increasing competition in the labor market, they are also characterized by increasing activity in both finding and maintaining a job. As a rule, the greatest significance from paid work is experienced by women who, as a result of increasing divorces, out-of-wedlock pregnancies and widowhood, have become heads of single-parent families. It is they who, much more often than other women, are forced to agree to physical labor.

Despite a faster increase in the level of education than among men, the majority of women still experience limited professional opportunities and are employed in traditionally “female” jobs (teachers, junior health workers, etc.), which are usually less paid. Even with a college degree, a woman often earns less than a man who graduated from high school.

The ratio of women's wages to men's wages remains one of the most discriminatory not only in Russia, but also among developed countries (with the exception of Japan). However, an important factor in reducing discrimination against women in wages may be an increase in their educational level, which will entail a strengthening of women’s position in the labor market and will allow them to increasingly invade traditionally “male”, higher-paid spheres.

At the same time, some factors contributing to the growth of employment and strengthening the position of women in the world of work often lead to increased occupational segregation. Thus, the intensive development of the service sector increases the use of women's labor, while simultaneously limiting their activities to a very narrow range of professions. The development of new types of activities, the introduction of new technologies and non-traditional forms of labor organization make it possible to use women’s labor more widely, giving them the opportunity to work at home, part-time, on a flexible schedule. But these same factors, which at first became very attractive for women, very quickly turned into deprivation of social benefits, insurance and other benefits for them, extending to full-time work, and for some - even social isolation.

Like many other global trends, the increase in women’s labor activity, the concentration of women’s employment in the service sector, the formation of a system of “privileges” for working women and some other features specific to women’s labor have acquired a grotesque character in Russia. The massive influx of women into social production in the post-war decades led to a record high level of employment of Russian women compared to other countries: at the beginning it was 84%, and in previous years - 90%. At the same time, an exceptional characteristic of women’s employment in Russia is the extremely high educational level, but this did not serve as an elevator for economic mobility for women. Despite the legally enshrined right to equal pay for equal work, working Russian women occupy a disadvantaged position in terms of wages - their wages are on average more than a third lower than those of men.

Despite bans on the use of female labor in a number of areas considered particularly harmful for medical reasons, Russian women continue to work there, and since the ban applies not only to employment, but also to education and professional training that allows them to work in these specialties, women work here without appropriate training and qualifications and for a lower salary.

Market relations have exposed a previously invisible part of the iceberg of women's labor in Russia with all the costs of overemployment, the discrepancy between the degree of education and the level of pay, concentration on low-skilled jobs, but at the same time, new opportunities have opened up for women of different age groups to use their labor potential. Although the process of transformation in Russia contributed to a stricter differentiation of social and economic roles depending on gender and the revival of calls for patriarchy (“the return of women to their social purpose”) during the 90s, the desire to combine household and family responsibilities with outside work increased among Russian women. Houses.

Thus, despite the particularly difficult situation in which Russian women find themselves, who experience specific difficulties in the world of work, largely replicating global ones, and at the same time forced to adapt to fundamentally new economic and social relations, the orientation of Russian women towards social production is increasing.

4. Economic independence and security

Increasing the economic role of women in society, in the family, in self-sufficiency did not save them from the growing risks of a decrease in real income and the reliability of their sources, social insecurity in the labor market in connection with new forms of employment; from the lack of jobs that correspond to their educational and professional training, from falling into the ranks of the poor, including the working poor. The stability of the economic situation of the female part of the population depends on many variables related to both the weakening of discrimination in society, personal conditions, and employment opportunities, self-employment, entrepreneurship, as well as the degree of development of the social support system.

A growing threat to women's well-being is posed, as an analysis of the dynamics of their income shows, by the increasing frequency of divorces. An additional obstacle to the restoration of material well-being for women who have become economically independent is the segregation of the labor market, which limits the scope of their employment, the duration and, accordingly, wages, as well as the lack (or a long break) of the skills to run their own business. At the same time, in a tragic irony, the older the children left with their mother after divorce, the more expenses they require, and the employment prospects of a divorced woman become more disappointing with age.

Economic instability, as a rule, is characteristic of the vast majority of single-parent families with a woman at the head, formed as a result of divorce, theft, and the birth of illegitimate children.

In the 1990s, women in Russia found themselves in a particularly vulnerable position, as they had always been least protected from poverty. Before the start of economic reforms, pensioners were usually in the most difficult financial situation, among whom there were almost twice as many women; single-parent families with children, 94% of which are headed by women; as well as large families, in a significant part of which the father lived separately, and the main concerns for providing for and raising children fell on the mother.

The reduction (and complete phase-out) of subsidies and the introduction of fees for previously free services have significantly reduced the purchasing power of these categories of the population; and a sharp drop in real incomes, an increase in the gap between pensions and benefits from the subsistence level led to increased impoverishment of women - both elderly and disabled, and young educated working Russians.

Women of retirement age find themselves in no less difficult conditions, especially those who cannot continue working and who have no other source of livelihood other than pensions. We must not forget that pensions received by women, as well as earnings, are on average less than those of men, and a significant proportion of Russian women of retirement age receive a minimum pension. The accelerating decline in the real value of pensions, even the average size of which does not provide minimum standards of living, puts pensioners in an unequal position relative to people of pre-retirement age, whose real incomes are declining somewhat more slowly and who objectively have more opportunities to adapt to the new economic situation. For many women, continuing to work after retirement has become a severe necessity and the main means of maintaining their livelihood.

In recent years, the youngest representatives of the female part of the population have also encountered the missing difficulties of material self-sufficiency. Exactly what do they make up? graduates of schools, vocational technical educational institutions, universities experiencing difficulties in finding employment. However, this category of women has certain hopes for expanding opportunities for economic independence in connection with the development of various forms of entrepreneurship, self-employment, including family and home activities. World experience shows that this field of activity has a great attractive force for women who have not found their place in the labor market.

In my opinion, in the context of increasing risks in the labor market, purely symbolic amounts of pensions and benefits, depreciation of savings, real support for women’s entrepreneurial activity in Russia could not only help more Russian women take advantage of the opportunities that have opened up and improve their socio-economic status, but also would contribute to a more complete implementation of women's knowledge and professional experience throughout society.

5. Women workers' rights

Currently, there is an unlimited number of ways to realize the right to work due to the variety of forms of ownership, the possibility of using one’s entrepreneurial abilities, as well as knowledge and skills in the effective flow of labor relations, depending on the forms and types of property, independently establishing the rules of law, as for norms related to labor protection for women, benefits provided to pregnant women, mothers with children, then these norms are of a general nature and apply regardless of whose ownership the enterprise, organization, institution is located.

A woman who wants to go to work enters into an agreement with an enterprise (employment contract), according to which she undertakes to perform work in a certain specialty, qualification or position, subject to internal labor procedures, and the enterprise, institution, organization undertakes to pay wages to the worker and provide conditions labor provided for by labor legislation, collective agreement or agreement of the parties.

Labor legislation prohibits unreasonable refusal to hire. Refusal to work on the basis of gender, race, nationality or religious affiliation is unacceptable. Refusal to hire for reasons related to pregnancy or breastfeeding is not only prohibited, but also criminally prosecuted.

When entering the workforce, women should be aware that the law has restrictions on admission to certain types of work, both for all workers, regardless of gender, and specifically for women. For example, it is prohibited to employ persons previously convicted of theft, bribery and other acquisitive crimes, unless the conviction is expunged and expired by statute of limitations. In order to prevent nepotism, joint service in the same enterprise, institution or organization of persons who are closely related or related to each other (parents, spouses, brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, as well as brothers, sisters, parents and children) is prohibited spouses), if their service is associated with the direct subordination or control of one of them to the other.

Women are not allowed to be hired for underground work, with the exception of management positions, as well as some types of sanitation and consumer services. It is clear that prohibiting women from working in hazardous and difficult jobs is not discrimination. We are talking about protecting health and ensuring that harmful work does not affect new generations.

Women can also perform work related to physical activity - in these cases, women are prohibited from carrying and moving heavy loads that exceed established standards, which, although based on certain medical data, i.e. agreed with the Ministry of Health, cause fair criticism from those who have to perform such work.

The main criterion that the administration should be guided by is the business qualities of the employee, her ability to perform this or that job. In order to check these qualities, a test condition may be established when concluding an employment contract. The trial period, as a rule, should not exceed three months. The probationary period does not include the period of temporary incapacity for work and those days when the employee was absent for a valid reason. When the test results do not satisfy the administration, it has the right to terminate the employment contract with the employee before the expiration of the test period. In this case, dismissal is made without payment of severance pay. the consent of the trade union committee for dismissal is not required. The employee may disagree with the management’s opinion and appeal its decision in court.

An employee can submit a notice of resignation at any time, including while on vacation or during illness.

A woman holding any position has the right, on her own initiative, to terminate her employment relationship by notifying the administration about this. In cases where, after the expiration of the notice period, neither the employee herself insists on dismissal, nor the administration issues an order to terminate the contract, the latter is considered continued (for an indefinite period).

When a woman reaches 55 years of age and if she has the right to a full pension, the administration, with the consent of the employee, can conclude (renew) a fixed-term employment contract with her for a period of up to 2 years. If such an agreement has been concluded, then during its term the administration does not have the right to terminate the employment relationship on the grounds that the employee has reached retirement age.

Sometimes a woman is forced to be absent from work for a long time due to the illness of her child. This reason cannot serve as a basis for her dismissal.

Women's rights in the field of labor relations are not realized on their own, without the participation of officials. Certain representatives of the administration, who are obliged to respect the rights of workers and employees, often violate them intentionally or out of ignorance of the law. An employee must not only know her rights, but also be able to defend them. This means that she must know where, in what order and within what time frame she should apply to protect her violated rights.

The main body for the consideration of labor conflicts, the labor dispute commission (LCC), is organized at every enterprise, institution, and organization.

Conclusion

The status of women is a kind of barometer that is sensitive to demographic, economic, environmental and political changes occurring in society. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in limiting gender-discriminatory practices. While noting the rise in educational attainment, the widespread and inclusive involvement of women in work outside the home, and their increasing participation in all stages of policy-making and decision-making, it must be recognized that, in general, men continue to maintain, although to a lesser extent than before, a superiority of almost for all main indicators of social development. At all stages of the life course, women continue to face challenges and restrictions in one form or another in the areas of employment, non-traditional activities, pensions, as well as an increased risk of poverty as a result of current trends in the labor market and changes in family composition .

Despite the formal equality of women and men, in many cases active action is necessary to ensure the proclaimed equality in reality. Particular attention to the social and economic role of women during periods of fundamental change is not only important in itself for humanitarian reasons, but also an indispensable condition for achieving sustainable development and increasing well-being in society.

Listliterature

1. Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers (office for Official Publication of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1990).

2. Grigoriev S.I. Theory and methodology of social work. -- M., 1994.

3. Lebedeva L.F. Gender challenges and reality: women's rights and status. //US Economy. -- 1996. No. 6.

4. Main results of the 1994 microcensus. -- M., 1994.

5. Sillaste G.G. Sociogender relations during the period of transformation of Russia. //Sociological research. -- 1994. -- No. 3.

6. Toshchenko T.T. Sociology. - M., 1994.

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Social and cultural stereotypes of behavior as one of the forms of discrimination against women. Consideration of various approaches to studying the problem of women's social status. The study of women's emancipation in science, the women's movement as a social movement.

Thank you for such an interesting topic. It is still difficult for me to reflect on the role of women in the modern world due to my age. But thanks to this marathon, I read about women politicians, leaders, and women’s organizations. As Alisa Bannikova says, I learned a lot of new and interesting things, and this knowledge cannot be taken away from me.

The role of women in modern society

Tatiana Kuzovleva

Girl, girl, woman,
Whether early or late
There's so much mixed up in you -
You can’t say everything at once.

Are you wearing silk or rags?
The thread of your fate winds.
Be, I conjure, loving,
If it happens, it will be.

The days are lined with anticipation.
Wait - and don’t contradict.
There is an immutable truth:
Woman is love!

Women's tears are a trifle,
Lightweight, eyebrows spread out,
Woman, girl, girl
The world leads you.

The sun brings marks -
And he goes recklessly
Follow her into immortality
The entire human race.

I really like this poem. A woman leads the world. After all, how much love and care she puts into her children determines what kind of people they will be. The foundations of all life values, love, compassion, responsibility are brought up in us by our mothers.

In modern society, the role of a woman has gone beyond the boundaries of home and family and a good mother. It often turns out that a girl’s relatives and friends, primarily her parents, instill in her from adolescence that the main thing in life is not a strong family, but a stable social status. Before you commit yourself to marriage, you need to be firmly on your feet and financially independent. Home, husband, children - all this will be done, but you need to make a career as early as possible. And what’s surprising is that a modern woman does this remarkably well. Many women successfully combine the role of director of a company, their business and family. Yes, it's hard. Perhaps lawmakers need to reconsider women's work schedules. Mothers of schoolchildren (especially primary school) simply need a flexible work schedule, because children need to be picked up from school, fed or taken to extra classes. So mothers are worried, they ask their child to talk to them on the phone all the way home. If a woman had the opportunity to leave work or work half a day, then the number of happy women would increase significantly.

In Russia, as in any other society, there are problems of discrimination against women. It is difficult for women with children to get a job, or when applying they may be warned that sick days are not welcome. And children get sick often. For the same work, men often get paid O higher salary. But it's not all bad. A woman director of a factory, enterprise, school is not uncommon in our country. Professionally, they are in no way inferior to men. But at the same time, a woman is forced to constantly prove to herself and others that she is capable of doing her job and is up to the job, which is not required of a man. Remember the famous expression: “A male worker is considered good until he proves otherwise; a female worker is considered bad until she proves otherwise.” Women in Russia are breaking the stereotypes that politics is for men. Valentina Matvienko, Tatyana Golikova, Olga Golodets, Elvira Nabiullina and many others.

The active participation of women in socio-economic and political life, their struggle to preserve peace, equal rights, and protect the rights of children and military personnel have become the foundations of women's organizations and movements. The Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia protects the rights of military personnel, and the Women's Union of Russia protects the rights of women and families. Active and energetic women have their own social movement - the “Business Women's Club”. “Unified Family” deals with low-income and large families. Each region has its own women's organizations, and they play an important role in solving many social problems. Personally, I would like to create an organization or center to help working women and women in difficult life situations. Consultations with psychologists, assistance in finding a nanny (to meet or accompany a child from school, club), organization of assistance to low-income families.

So what is the role of women in modern society? It consists not only in fulfilling one’s direct responsibilities at work, but also in realizing oneself as a good mother, an exemplary wife and housewife. The main principle for any woman should be the ability to follow the “golden mean” rule. Women have a very honorable and important role in society. After all, with her kindness of heart she must soften conflicts and direct irrepressible male strength and energy in a positive direction. If we manage to raise the position of women and equalize their importance in building society, then many of the problems of our society will be solved.

"Vest", Kaluga region
Marina Kostina
2010-06-07 10:36

The topic of the round table was not chosen by chance. It is dictated by the high role of women in society. And truly women are the national wealth of the country. It is known from history that women were at the pinnacle of power in Russia for many years, including four reigning empresses in Rus'. And all of them left a noticeable mark on the history of Russia and made a huge contribution to the expansion of its borders. Since ancient times, women have played a significant role in protecting the Fatherland. After the civil war and during the first five-year plans, women took an active part in restoring the country's destroyed economy and were among the first to join the Stakhanov movement. During the Great Patriotic War, about one million women fought on its fronts. The names of the Heroes of the Soviet Union are known throughout the world: pilots Polina Osipenko, Marina Raskova, twice Hero Valentina Grizodubova. Over 100 thousand women fought in partisan units and operated underground.

Women scientists also made a huge contribution to the history of the country. Among them are the outstanding mathematician Sofya Kovalevskaya; creator of penicillin, talented Soviet scientist,

microbiologist Zinaida Ermolaeva, outstanding neurophysiologist, founder of the Human Brain Institute Natalya Bekhtereva.

And today women take an active position in science, healthcare, education, and culture, but they do not feel the proper attention and support from the authorities. Thus, 2009 has been declared the Year of the Teacher. As you know, most teachers are women. And they are expressing legitimate indignation at the fact that schools are being closed, teachers are being laid off, and plans are being hatched to cancel benefits for rural teachers for paying utility bills.

Recently, the State Duma adopted a law according to which schools, kindergartens, medical institutions, and cultural institutions are actually transferred to self-financing. This means that study, treatment - everything will be paid.

This year we celebrated the centenary of the first Women's Congress. What has changed in the position of women over these hundred years? During the years of Soviet power, these changes were evident; women really had equal rights with men. In the legislative bodies alone, women accounted for 30 to 50 percent. Special care was given to working women, mothers, large families, and children.

Women suffer the most during reforms. They are the first to be fired, and after 40 years they are reluctant to be hired. There is clear discrimination in pay for work equal to that of men. Finally, women in democratic Russia are actually pushed out of politics, and therefore it is no coincidence that in international rankings for gender equality in politics, Russia ranks only 99th out of 115 possible.

Our Russian authorities at all levels have essentially turned into men's clubs and have shaped the new Russia according to their own masculine principles. According to experts, this is precisely because

The Russian government is making many political mistakes, such that there are virtually no women in it. Therefore, it is necessary to turn Russia towards higher participation of women in politics, economics and culture. By the way, as a rule, on the eve of elections, the authorities make some decisions to protect the rights and increase the role of women in society, but they are soon forgotten about them. Thus, under the president, the Commission for Work with Women operated for some time. Abolished. In 1993, the President issued a Decree “On the priority objectives of state policy regarding women.” They happily forgot about him. In 1996, a new Decree “On increasing the role of women in the system of federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation” was issued. Having done nothing to implement it, in 2001 they joyfully announced that he

lost its power. In the same year, 1996, a national action plan was approved to improve the situation of women and increase their role in society. Successfully failed.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation instructed the faction of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the State Duma with the participation of the All-Russian Women's Union - "Hope of Russia" to prepare a package of legislative

proposals to protect women's rights, increase their role in society, protect the rights of children, families and organize their national discussion, said the State Duma deputy

A. Aparina. We hope that in 2010, the State Duma Committee on Work with Women will organize a meeting of women parliamentarians from the CIS countries and initiate the creation of a women's rights ombudsman in Russia.

The advancement of women into power should now be considered as an instrument for the stable and sustainable development of society, since the equality of men and women changes the priorities of state policy and the life of the country as a whole. Statistics show that in countries where women make up less than 20 or 30 percent of representative bodies of power, the authorities there cope poorly with social problems and social protection is poor. By placing women in a subordinate position, depriving them of the right to a wide variety of activities and the use of their spiritual

forces, we thereby slow down progress. Therefore, it is not surprising that the struggle for true democracy includes a very important component: full equality of women up to parity with men in governments, in parliaments and in all state institutions that ensure social justice and stability in society.

In our country, unfortunately, the word “power,” especially “high power,” is not associated with the word “women,” but 52 percent of the country’s residents believe that

There are not enough women in power. And this gender inequality is the most significant obstacle to democratic reforms in Russia.

I believe that it is necessary to involve women in leadership at all levels of government as actively as possible. For example, there should be at least 40 percent of women parliamentarians in our country, and this norm should be strictly enshrined in legislation, ensured and guaranteed. It is necessary to provide for sanctions against political parties for violating it, up to and including exclusion from elections, if less than 30 percent of the party’s election list is occupied by women.

There is a clear imbalance in the governance of the country; in the corridors of power we see mostly men's jackets. Of course, at all levels of power, especially in structures associated with youth, children, and the elderly, only women should govern, in this way the imbalance will be eliminated and this aggressive policy of men will be stopped. In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 32, paragraph 4, states: “Citizens have equal access to public service.” That is, competitions for any state (municipal) position should be announced, and everyone, including women, could take part in the competition, during which the professional level of applicants is assessed. And after the results of the competition, fill municipal and state positions.

We know that women show high academic results from childhood. For example, in school there are always more excellent students than excellent students, and in universities the majority of women receive honors diplomas. And in this competition for public office, we would probably see smart, talented, honest women in greater numbers than men. Perhaps, anticipating such a result, someone lied in the Federal Law “On Municipal Service” and wrote in Article 17 in paragraph 1: “When filling municipal service positions, in a municipal formation, when concluding employment contracts, a competition for filling municipal service positions may be preceded services in accordance with the established qualification requirements for positions in the municipal service.” Such optional wording in the federal law (may or may not precede it) has led to the fact that no one announces competitions for state municipal positions in large cities and small towns. For administrative and budgetary positions paid for by the taxpayer, the administration actually hires the closest relatives of the bosses, or the positions are simply sold. Entire families work in management structures; work has been turned into a family business with guaranteed salaries, increased pensions after service and full medical coverage. Smart, talented people remain outside the governance of our country, including the majority of worthy women. Women who go into power have to withstand tougher competition than men. In elections, voters evaluate a female candidate much more critically than a male candidate. Accordingly, only those women who have actually managed to convince their voters that they are truly better pass through the harsh sieve of traditional mistrust. And not just better at what they do, but better men at the same thing. Voters initially view a male candidate much more loyally and are easily ready to forgive his mistakes. They will say to the woman: “Look, you got caught. “They told you, I would have stayed at home, raised the children and cooked borscht.” Women constantly have to confirm and prove their qualifications, constantly be in good shape, in shape, at their best, because they know that the slightest mistake will cost them much more than men in the same place.

All this creates in women a high ability to adapt, resistance to stress, and productivity, which men have never even dreamed of.

The main weapon of a successful woman in power is professionalism.

A woman leader is a special character, she is obvious optimism, no matter what happens, we will always find a solution. Male politicians are strategists, that’s how they see themselves, they like to think about the future. And a woman politician, unlike them, is a tactician. In our country, power really belongs to men, and responsibility belongs to us, women. We, like no one else, understand the problems of family and children, the poor, pensioners and most of the representatives of our society - women. You cannot entrust the defense of your interests to others.

It has already been said that in June 1996, the President of Russia signed a decree that actually introduced a quota system for women’s representation. I suggest that President Dmitry Medvedev return to the problem of the quota system, and then the issue of fighting corruption in power will be successfully resolved, since women are less inclined to contractual relations.

I believe that it is necessary to eliminate the existing contradiction between the right formally prescribed in legislation and the actual state of gender equality between men and women. It is mandatory to amend the federal law on elections on quotas. Amend the federal law on political parties to ensure strict compliance by political parties with Article 8, which provides for adherence to the constitutional principle of gender equality in internal party life. Develop and adopt a federal law on state guarantees of equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation. Create conditions for:

Providing a woman with a worthy place in modern society, providing her with the opportunity to participate in solving the most important issues in the life of the country through an established quota of places at all levels of government;

Implementation of effective control over compliance with labor legislation regarding women;

Reinstating the work experience for women while studying at a university, caring for young children, revising the rules for determining the length of service for wives of military personnel and specialists who worked abroad, restoring “northern” bonuses for work in unfavorable climatic conditions and in hazardous industries;

Returning benefits to veterans who worked on the home front during the war years;

Initiate and adopt federal laws: “On children of war”; “On the mutual responsibility of children and parents”; “On support for large families”; “About a young family”; “On the fight against poverty”;

Consider the issue of creating special ministries, committees, departments for women's affairs at the federal and regional levels, following the example and experience of a number of foreign countries;

Civil society institutions, political parties, trade unions, and the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, in their statutory activities, should pay special attention to upholding the constitutional rights of women; carry out public examination of bills submitted to the State Duma, the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, acts of local governments, as well as law enforcement practice from the standpoint of ensuring women’s rights, creating the necessary conditions for increasing their role in modern socio-political

life of the country.

Marina Kostina,

deputy of the Legislative

Meetings of the Kaluga region from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation,

Candidate of Sociological Sciences

1

1. Andreeva, G.M., Bogomolova, N.N., Petrovskaya, L.A. Foreign social psychology of the 20th century: Theoretical approaches: A textbook for universities. - M.: Aspect Press, 2001.

2. Weininger, O. Gender and character. Principled research. – M., 1992.

3. Zdravomyslova, O. Status and career of women in modern conditions. – M., 2000.

4. Zuikova, E.M., Eruslanova, R.I. Feminology: Textbook. – M.: Publishing and book trading center “Marketing”, 2001.

5. Plato. Op. T.3. Part 1. – M., 1971.

6. Pronin, A.A. The position of women in modern Russia: general characteristics. – M., 2000.

7. Chernyak, E.M. Sociology of the family: prospects for the development of the institute. – M., 2000.

The relevance of research. For many centuries, a woman was the keeper of the home, while everything that had to do with the outside world was taken over by a man. This, naturally, gave him the right to consider a woman much lower in status than himself. But in our time of technological progress, scientific discoveries and feminism, the situation has changed dramatically. A woman in modern society has a completely different status and vocation; she has new values ​​and needs that force us to reconsider our views on the female role in today’s world.

The role of a woman in modern society is no longer limited to performing household duties, caring for children, raising them and serving the legal spouse. Now this position is considered outdated, and women who still choose it are perceived as supporters of conservative beliefs who almost willingly submit themselves to the slavery of a man. In fact, this approach is wrong in specific situations when a representative of the fairer sex sees her calling in preserving family values ​​and does not seek to separate her own achievements from the successes of her husband. After all, the embodiment of personal ambitions, career growth and the status of independence, at least financially, do not appeal to everyone to this day. Many women do not consider these criteria as an end in themselves, preferring to serve the family entirely. But here the other extreme appears, since the position of a woman in modern society today is considered not only as a housewife, a faithful wife and a good mother. It often turns out that girls’ relatives and friends, and first of all their parents, instill in them from adolescence that the most important thing in life is not a strong family, but a stable social status. Therefore, before devoting yourself to marriage, you need to stand on your own two feet and be financially independent. The arguments in this matter are warnings that if the husband suddenly leaves the family, if the children are left without a father, if something else terrible happens, the woman should be prepared for this. In fact, the position of women in modern society suggests such concerns, because today divorce is not considered something reprehensible or catastrophic. So the likelihood of the destruction of marriage bonds increases every year: people become more categorical and often do not want to endure even the slightest inconvenience in a marriage.

It turns out that a woman’s task in the modern world is, first of all, to achieve success at work, career growth, financial independence, and only then the status of a wife and mother. Thus, a so-called revaluation of values ​​occurs, which in turn leads to a rethinking of the meaning of family and marital relationships in the life of the fairer sex.

Due to the fact that the social role of women in modern society has undergone radical changes in recent decades, naturally the statuses of representatives of the fairer sex are also changing. Thus, contemporary psychologists tend to consider the following main categories of women: leaders, careerists, housewives, and owners of liberal professions. Women leaders are in many ways similar to men in their character traits: they are goal-oriented, confident in their own abilities and achieve everything on their own, without relying on anyone’s help. Self-realization is the main goal of career women, who always put work and achieving success in their careers first. Only after such results can they afford to think about starting a family and planning children. The status of a woman in modern society who has chosen the role of a housewife is, as a rule, not viewed from the best side today.

Studying the role of women in society is necessary for future specialists who are called upon to actively engage in solving a wide range of social problems, both in general and at the individual, private level. The knowledge gained will contribute to the formation of not only professional, but also moral qualities of students.

Many researchers note that a man becomes masculine, and a woman becomes feminine in the process of assimilating the corresponding roles accepted in a given society. However, it would be absurd to believe that a role is an exclusively social norm embedded in the consciousness of an individual. It is largely determined by unconscious motives of behavior, which are different for men and women.

The term “role” was introduced into scientific circulation in the 1920-1930s. J. Mead and R. Linton. J. Mead, when presenting his concepts, used this term when he developed the idea of ​​“taking the role of another” to explain the act of interaction between individuals in the process of speech communication. In fact, the concept of role was taken from the field of theater, where it was used as a metaphor to refer to a number of phenomena of social behavior.

Status, according to R. Linton, is the place that an individual occupies in a given system. And the concept of “role” is used by scientists to describe the whole variety of cultural patterns of behavior associated with a certain status. A role, therefore, includes the attitudes, values ​​and behavior prescribed by society for everyone having a certain status. Because a role is an external behavior, it is a dynamic aspect of status, that is, what an individual must do to justify the status he or she occupies.

A social role is a function of multi-level phenomena of an objective and subjective order, which are reflected in the role behavior of an individual.

The position of women in society has constantly attracted the attention of scientific thought.

A. Bebel made a significant contribution to defining the role of women in society. In his book “Woman and Socialism” he gave a deep analysis of the ways of social liberation of women and the need for them to engage in creative activities.

In modern society, constantly undergoing changes in the sphere of society and culture, the “women’s issue” has become extremely relevant: the position of women increasingly depends on the situation in society, on how quickly and successfully socio-cultural reform and reform of the legal aspects of life, the development of secular started within the institution of the family.

Speaking about the social role of a modern woman, the American sociologist E. Boulding notes that this role is connected more with the “wrong side” of society, and not with its “front” side. Discrimination against women persists in a latent form, the consequence of which is stable ideas about what is expected and “allowed” for a woman in society. They are barriers in the consciousness and behavior of people, the cause of inequality in the social positions of men and women.

Modern trends in the socio-cultural development of society, characterized by globality and social richness, dynamism and, most importantly, the formation of a new status of women that meets the needs of society, have provided an opportunity to evaluate her role in society differently. The family is an extremely conservative institution; relatively few changes occur in it. The main change that has occurred in the Russian family recently, according to O. Zdravomyslova, is the position of women. Her ever-increasing social and professional activity is sometimes called the “quiet revolution of the 21st century.”

In modern Russia, a new trend has emerged and is rapidly developing - women's emancipation. Interestingly, women with traditional families are more successful in business than single women.

New types of women have significantly changed the socio-demographic structure of society. Their appearance proved that over the past years, traditional Russian ideas about happiness and prosperity for a young woman have changed radically.

The role of women in science is also great. Because men and women perceive the world differently, their scientific discoveries reflect different perceptions of reality, and these special feminine qualities must be taken into account.

Currently, the most popular family model is one in which a woman, like a man, puts career first and only then family. The second thing worth paying attention to when touching on the role of women in society is that a woman strives for financial independence.

According to data published by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion on the issue “The Social Role of Women in Modern Society,” most of the respondents believe that the rights of men and women are equal, and each of them should have the right to freedom of choice and activity, as well as the distribution of family responsibilities (63% of respondents). Meanwhile, 33% of respondents note that the level of discrimination against women’s rights in the professional sphere is increasing. 46% of respondents believe that there are not enough women in the sphere of power, which causes discrimination against women’s status and social position. 61.5% of respondents tend to trust and seek support from a male specialist rather than women, which is explained by the presence of a higher level of managerial and professional qualities in men than in female specialists. However, 70.2% of respondents claim that the best realization for a woman is to follow her natural destiny, give birth and raise children, and maintain the family hearth.

It is especially worth noting that today a woman cannot afford to limit herself to just one social role, be it a mother or a businesswoman. The most acceptable combination of a number of status positions, roles both at the level of the family institution, relationships within the family, and within society as a macro-institution. A modern woman strives to harmoniously combine and successfully implement those social roles that are important and interesting to her.

Radical sociocultural transformations in the institution of family, first of all, influenced such demographic indicators as the state of marriage and family relationships, the sphere of relations between spouses, the distribution and achievement of status and role positions.

Over the past 3 years, the most common gender stereotypes are:

“a woman is more adapted to mental and physical work than a man” (63.2%);

“self-realization and personal growth of a modern woman are completely dependent on her advancement up the career ladder” (50.4%);

“the social role of a modern woman comes down more to professional self-realization rather than to family role positions” (30.8%);

“the value hierarchy of a modern woman is dominated by career growth and material stability” (10.5%);

“a modern woman gets married when she reaches 25-30 years of age” (48.1%);

“a modern woman values ​​freedom of rights and responsibilities” (10%);

“Modern women often have 1 to 2 children, with rare exceptions they have no children” (52%).

Sociocultural changes in a woman’s status and role positions, one way or another, affect the family and are refracted in its value orientations, which are currently characterized by increasing complexity and diversity. Despite this, traditional status and role positions of women remain dominant, creating an atmosphere of favorable development and self-realization of a woman’s personality in the field of modern social reality.

To conduct an empirical study, we selected the following methods:

1. test “Who am I?”, consisting of twenty statements (M. Kuhn, T. McPartland, modified by T.V. Rumyantseva);
2. S. Bem's questionnaire on the study of masculinity and femininity. Social roles were distributed as follows:

The results of the study using the “Who am I?” method showed that the students’ answers are completely different, and this suggests that each of them chooses, or has already chosen, her individual life position. Among the female students’ responses, social roles and individualized characteristics are clearly demonstrated.

1) gender roles, including the family status of the individual:

Bachelors:

daughter - 12 (80%)

girl - 8 (53.3%)

expectant mother - 5 (33.3%)

sister - 4 (26.6%)

future wife - 3 (20%)

housewife - 2 (13.3%)

Clinical psychologists:

daughter - 9 (60%)

girl - 8 (53.3%)

expectant mother - 3 (20%)

sister - 3 (20%)

granddaughter - 1 (6.6%)

aunt - 1 (6.6%)

desired child - 1 (6.6%)

2) professional roles:

Bachelors:

future health worker - 2 (13.3%)

cook - 1 (6.6%)

Clinical psychologists:

dancer - 2 (13.3%)

future psychologist - 2 (13.3%)

actress - 1 (6.6%)

3) other social roles:

Bachelors:

student - 11 (73.3%)

personality - 10 (66.6%)

people - 9 (60%)

friend - 9 (60%)

headman - 1 (6.6%)

neighbor - 1 (6.6%)

Clinical psychologists:

student - 12 (80%)

personality - 7 (46.6%)

people - 15 (100%)

friend - 3 (20%)

headman - 1 (6.6%)

individual - 2 (13.3%)

teenager - 1 (6.6%)

Customized features include:

1) definitions revealing the characteristics and qualities of a person:

Bachelors:

beauty - 4 (26.6%)

hysterical - 2 (13.3%)

smart girl - 3 (20%)

brunette - 1 (6.6%)

kind - 1 (6.6%)

redhead - 1 (6.6%)

good -1 (6.6%)

Clinical psychologists:

thinker - 2 (13.3%)

beauty - 1 (6.6%)

listener - 1 (6.6%)

activist - 1 (6.6%)

melancholic - 1 (6.6%)

5) metaphorical definitions:

Bachelors:

I am me - 3 (20%)

no one - 2 (13.3%)

bunny - 1 (6.6%)

sunshine - 1 (6.6%)

Clinical psychologists:

I am me - 4 (26.6%)

hope - 1 (6.6%)

sheet of paper - 1 (6.6%)

Thus, we see a quantitative predominance of social characteristics over individual ones, and the first positions in the answers were occupied by gender roles, which relate to the type of prescribed roles.

Students determine their position in relation to the system of existing normative instructions about the proper behavior of women in society, which helps to develop their own style of behavior in intergender interaction, to specify guidelines for their life path based on the accepted way of fulfilling gender roles.

Gender roles, as we know, are normative, express certain social expectations, and are manifested in behavior. At the cultural level, they exist in the context of a certain system of gender symbolism and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity.

Traditional gender roles hinder personal development and the realization of existing potential. This idea was the impetus for S. Bem’s development of the concept of androgyny, according to which a person, regardless of his biological sex, can possess both masculinity and femininity, combining both traditionally feminine and traditionally masculine qualities. This allows us to distinguish masculine, feminine, androgynous models of gender roles.

A study of feminine and masculine qualities using S. Bem’s method showed significant differences in the manifestation of these qualities in two groups of respondents:

Bachelors:

androgyny - 12 (80%)

femininity - 2 (13.3%)

masculinity - 1 (6.6%)

Clinical psychologists:

androgyny - 1 (6.6%)

femininity - 10 (66.6%)

masculinity - 4 (26.6%)

Femininity, as you can see, is most pronounced among students of the specialty "Clinical Psychology", which indicates the presence of humility, gentleness, and the exclusion of violence. But masculinity also manifests itself more among clinical psychologists, signaling the strength and aggression inherent in this group of respondents.

Students with pronounced feminine qualities are characterized by kindness, gentleness, humanity, democracy, pliability, sensitivity, and shyness. They are closer to nature, have a negative attitude towards violence, experience rudeness and injustice more acutely, and are more responsive to the experiences of others; They are easier to educate and adapt to, are less demanding of innovation, and more clearly define their attitude towards the family. Characterized by reasonable moderation and the desire for active communication. However, they are not without negative qualities, including forgetfulness, lack of restraint, hysteria, nervousness, a pronounced state of depression, short temper, envy, talkativeness, etc.

Students with masculine traits are independent, resourceful, smart, assertive, risk-taking, inventive, able to adapt to new conditions, active in mental activity, manifested in the desire for self-affirmation and self-expression, their thinking is more abstract, they are mainly focused on work and study , and not for the family. Negative traits include aggressiveness, adventurism, sarcasm, and inability to show emotions.

Androgyny, characteristic of bachelors, manifests itself in a combination of psychological masculinity and femininity. It is believed that such a harmonious integration of masculine and feminine traits increases the adaptive capabilities of the androgynous type. At the same time, greater gentleness, stability in social contacts and the absence of pronounced dominant-aggressive tendencies in communication are in no way associated with a decrease in self-confidence, but, on the contrary, appear against the backdrop of maintaining high self-esteem, self-confidence and self-acceptance. Bachelors are more characterized by situational flexibility (i.e. the ability to be persistent or focused on the interests of others, depending on the situation), high self-esteem, motivation to achieve, and a subjective sense of well-being. We agree with Bem that androgyny, despite the problems hidden in it, makes it possible to build a picture of a utopia, where a person does not need to give up those qualities and behavior patterns that his society considers inappropriate for gender.

The status of women is a kind of barometer, sensitive to demographic, economic, environmental and political changes occurring in society.

A modern woman is independent in all spheres of life: she independently plans her own life, receives higher education and the right to work, decides whether to get married or live in a civil marriage, she chooses a man for herself, has the right to sexual freedom and birth control .

Modern girls have lost the sense of motherhood, something that was inherent in them from the very beginning. They put their career in the forefront, and family has lost meaning for them. This is dangerous because the childbearing age will pass - time that can no longer be returned, and the woman will lose the chance to become a mother.

The conducted research determines that it is important for a modern girl to clearly understand her role in society and follow it. Accordingly, the university needs to create conditions for this that will help female students harmoniously combine and successfully implement those social roles that are important and interesting to them.

Bibliographic link

Moroz V.A., Averkina T.O. SOCIAL ROLES OF A MODERN WOMAN IN THE REPRESENTATION OF STUDENTS // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. – 2016. – No. 11-4. – P. 726-731;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=10661 (access date: 10/27/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"