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Unified State Exam

Multivariate social development

(types of societies)

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Forms of social change: evolution and revolution

Evolution- (from the Latin evolutio - deployment) - 1) in a broad sense - a synonym for development; processes of change (mostly irreversible) in nature and society; 2) in a narrow sense, the concept of evolution includes only gradual changes, in contrast to revolution.
Revolution The term “revolution” appeared in the 14th century, but at that time it only meant a rotational movement in a circle. Nicolaus Copernicus titled his famous work “On the Rotation of the Celestial Bodies,” using the word “revolution”: “On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies.” As a result, the content of the term in social sciences became the opposite of the original one, since in the most general sense the concept of “revolution” means radical, qualitative changes in the life of society, while the struggle of the ruling classes to preserve the existing system or return to such a system is called counter-revolution.

Typology of societies: Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies

In modern science, there are many typologies of societies, which are based on various characteristics. Let us list the most common grounds in the scientific literature used to typologize societies:
- evolutionary (primitive, ancient, agricultural, industrial, information societies);
- civilizational (savagery, barbarism, civilization);
- formational - according to the method of production and exchange (primitive, slave, feudal, Asian, capitalist, communist). The term “socio-economic formation” was introduced by K. Marx and F. Engels. According to the formational approach, humanity in its development goes through a number of stages (formations), each of which is distinguished by its basis (the set of economic relations) and the corresponding superstructure (the set of political, legal, religious and other relations). Each formation is characterized by a certain basic form of ownership and a leading class that dominates both economics and politics;
- open and closed societies;
- by the presence or absence of writing (non-literate, written societies);
- according to the characteristics of power structures (pre-state and state societies);
- according to the degree of stability (equilibrium and nonequilibrium).
- by level of development: backward, developing, developed.
The most stable typology in modern sociology is considered to be one based on the distinction of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.
Traditional society
(it is also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agricultural structure, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the most important will be the family and community. Attempts at any social transformations and innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim while studying the society of the Australian aborigines. Traditional society is characterized by the natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly of individuals, and not officials or persons of status), informal regulation of interactions (norms of unwritten laws of religion and morality), connection of members by kinship relations (family type of organization community), a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, rule of elders).
Industrial society
The industrial era (the era of industrial societies) began with the development of capitalist enterprises and relations during the collapse of feudal society in some countries of Western Europe: Holland, Italy, England and others. Capitalists were entrepreneurs who, with their own money, purchased objects, tools, working conditions, hired workers and produced material goods and services for sale for money, in order to make a profit. This era ended in the middle of the 20th century, with the emergence of elements of the post-industrial (information) civilization era. This is a type of organization of social life that combines the freedom and interests of the individual with general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.
The technological basis of an industrial society consists of physical and mental labor, new sources of energy (electricity, internal combustion engine), and machine production on an industrial (industrial) basis. These means of production made it possible to sharply increase the quantity and quality of material goods to satisfy the demosocial needs of people.
The social system of an industrial society is characterized by the following elements: the growth of the Earth's population, the nuclear family, urbanization, the complication of the social structure, the growth of social inequality, nationalism and the class struggle of the bourgeoisie and the proletarians, environmental pollution, and the transformation of cities into increasingly uninhabitable conditions.
The economic system is characterized by: industrial mode of production; capitalist property, development of financial capital; the dominance of large monopolies - private and public; increased efficiency of social production; the emergence of a global market; division of social production into three sectors (primary - agriculture, secondary - industry, tertiary - services) with the leading role of the industrial sector; the emergence of crises of overproduction; the struggle of the main economic classes (bourgeoisie and proletariat).
The political system of industrial society is characterized by: the collapse of empires and the emergence of nation states; development of law; separation of legislative, executive, judicial powers; universal suffrage; the formation of civil society and mass political culture. In cities, a gap and conflict arises between the bureaucratic, anonymous state power and the self-governing municipality, close to the interests of the people.
The spiritual system of industrial society is characterized by the reformation of the church, the development of natural science and technical knowledge, the emergence of mass education, and the emergence of mass media and science. The new religion, the philosophy of Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, and natural sciences changed the spiritual climate of post-Reformation Europe.
Post-industrial society
In the 1960s concepts of a post-industrial (information) society appear (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by dramatic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The leading role in society is recognized as the role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices. An individual who has received the necessary education and has access to the latest information has an advantageous chance of moving up the social hierarchy. The main goal of a person in society becomes creative work.
Distinctive features of post-industrial society:
-transition from the production of goods to a service economy;
-the rise and dominance of highly educated vocational specialists;
-the main role of theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
-control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technical innovations;
-decision making based on the creation of intellectual technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.
-The negative side of post-industrial society is the danger of increased social control on the part of the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic media and communication over people and society as a whole. The life world of human society is increasingly subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism. Culture, including traditional values, is being destroyed under the influence of administrative control, which tends to standardize and unify social relations and social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Multivariate social development.

Modern humanity is about 5 billion people, more than a thousand nations and about one and a half hundred states. The reasons for this diversity lie in the differences in natural and climatic living conditions, and in different historical paths of development.

In the modern world we can distinguish 3 groups of countries:

1) industrialized(countries of industrial Western civilization - USA, Japan, Western European countries) - characterized by a high level of development, high per capita income (per capita income - gross national product per capita), intensive type of production (introduction of new equipment, technologies and management methods). Technogenic, scientific and technical civilization with highly developed industry of group A (group A - heavy industry);

2) developing countries(traditional societies - countries of Asia and Africa) - low level of development and per capita income, extensive type of production (quantitative expansion of production and use of traditional technology). These states specialize in the production of agricultural products and industrial products of group B (group B - light industry);

3) countries with economies in transition(Russia, Eastern Europe, Korea, Hong Kong, etc.) – average level of development and per capita income indicators. Russia is going through a transition period, its economy is mixed. After the reforms of the 1990s, the country experienced a deep socio-economic crisis, falling incomes, and a decline in the birth rate. Beginning in 2002, an evolutionary rise in the economy began, mainly due to the flow of money into the economy from the sale of oil.

Evolution and revolution as forms of social change– these are two types of development that differ in speed, quality and quantity of changes.

Evolution(from Latin unfolding) – a slow process of development (gradual changes, for example biological evolution according to Darwin). Spencer developed the idea of ​​social evolution. He equated social evolution with the development of social progress. The course of social evolution can be independent (with the gradual emergence of new phenomena) or reformative (changes through social reforms, for example the abolition of serfdom). The engine of social evolution can be man, nature or society.

Revolution(from Latin turn) - a rapid leap in development associated with qualitative changes (for example, a scientific and technological revolution or a class revolution).

Social progress(from Latin forward movement) - the progressive development of society along an ascending line, from lower to higher. The criterion for progress is the level of development of the economy, science, culture and legal relations. Regression (from Latin return, movement back) is a return to the old, stagnation and degradation of society.

In modern sociology, social development is associated with the process of modernization. At the present stage of development of social sciences, three original concepts of social development are distinguished: formational, the theory of local civilizations and modernization (the theory of types of societies or the theory of modernization).

Theories of formational development of society

According to the first concept - theory of formational development of society , the author of which was Karl Marx, the meaning of the development of society lies in the development of productive forces, which is determined by the formation of production relations corresponding to them, but which develop into new, more progressive production relations; they find themselves in conflict with existing relations of production, replace them and determine a change in social formation and a new development of productive forces.

Economic formations follow each other: primitive communal - slave-owning and feudal - capitalist - communist. The transition from one formation to another takes place through a social revolution. In the structure of each formation, an economic base and a superstructure were distinguished. The basis (otherwise it was called production relations) is a set of social relations that develop between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods (the main ones among them are relations of ownership of the means of production). The superstructure was understood as a set of political, legal, ideological, religious, cultural and other views, institutions and relations not covered by the base.

Theory of local civilizations

The second concept of social development is theory of local civilizations . It is assumed that the history of mankind, like the world ocean, absorbs rivers of “stories” of local societies. The authors of cyclical theories of history prove that there is no internal unity in history, that “humanity” is an abstraction, an abstract concept, and in reality there are only individual peoples, and each has its own life cycle, independent from the others, and its own direction of development.

Along with the concept of “civilization,” supporters of the civilizational approach widely use the concept of “cultural-historical types,” which are understood as historically established communities that occupy a certain territory and have their own characteristics of cultural and social development, characteristic only of them. The civilizational approach, according to modern social scientists, has a number of strengths. First, its principles apply to the history of any country or group of countries.

This approach is focused on understanding the history of society, taking into account the specifics of countries and regions. True, the flip side of this universality is the loss of criteria for which specific features of this specificity are more significant and which are less significant. Secondly, emphasizing specificity necessarily presupposes the idea of ​​history as a multilinear, multivariate process. But awareness of this multivariance does not always help, and often even makes it difficult to understand which of these options are better and which are worse (after all, all civilizations are considered equal). Thirdly, the civilizational approach assigns a priority role in the historical process to human spiritual, moral and intellectual factors. However, emphasizing the importance of religion, culture, and mentality for characterizing and assessing civilization often leads to abstraction from material production as something secondary. The main weakness of the civilizational approach lies in the amorphous nature of the criteria for identifying types of civilization.

Theory of civilizations (modernization)

The third concept, most in demand today, is modernization (theory of types of societies) - according to this theory (it is based on the ideas of O. Toffler, D. Bell and other institutional economists), the development of society is considered as a change in three socio-economic systems - pre-industrial society, industrial society and post-industrial society. Most researchers believe that the decisive role here is played by:

• people’s attitude to nature (and the natural environment modified by humans);
• the relationship of people to each other (type of social connection);
• a system of values ​​and life meanings (a generalized expression of these relationships in the spiritual life of society).

Traditional society

Traditional society (from 4-3 thousand BC) - civilizations of the Ancient East (Ancient India and Ancient China, Ancient Egypt and the medieval states of the Muslim East), European states of the Middle Ages, African states. The basis of human life is labor, during which a person transforms the matter and energy of nature into items for his own consumption. His work activity was subject to the eternal rhythms of nature (seasonal changes in weather, length of daylight hours) - such is the requirement of life itself on the border between the natural and the social. In relationships between people there was personal dependence, which gives rise to non-economic forced labor based on personal power based on direct violence.

Traditional society has developed high moral qualities: collectivism, mutual assistance and social responsibility. A person in a traditional society did not feel like an individual opposing or competing with others. The social status of a person in traditional society was determined not by personal merit, but by social origin. Everyday life was regulated not so much by laws as by tradition - a set of unwritten rules, patterns of activity, behavior and communication that embody the experience of ancestors.

Submission to tradition explains the high stability of traditional societies with their stagnant patriarchal cycle of life and the extremely slow pace of social development. The public authority of the earthly ruler was also nourished by religious ideas about the divine origin of his power (“The Sovereign is God’s vicegerent on earth”). The personification of political and spiritual power in one person (theocracy) ensured the dual subordination of man to both the state and the church, which gave traditional society even greater stability.

Traditional societies were organized around "interaction with nature." In an economic sense, they were all agrarian societies, societies with a dominant primary sector of the economy. In addition, all these completely different societies were united by adherence to traditions in the sociocultural sphere (the inertia of accepted cultural patterns, the stability of customs, the predominance of prescribed patterns of behavior); the presence of a relatively simple division of labor that tends to be consolidated in class or caste hierarchies; low level of urbanization and literacy, etc.

In the modern world, there are countries that actually preserve the traditional way of life. In particular, in a number of countries of the so-called third world (primarily in Tropical Africa and some Asian countries), agriculture remains the main sector of the economy (it employs the vast majority of the population). The close connection of a person with the primary collective - clan, caste, religious community, inherent in traditional society - is preserved. At the same time, the peoples and countries that have preserved their traditional way of life to this day are significantly different from the societies of the distant past. One way or another, they are integrating into the world economy; more and more borrowings from abroad are penetrating the life and culture of these peoples. At the same time, in many industrially developed countries today, kinship, tribal ties, fraternities, ethnic or religious communities, characteristic of pre-industrial society, remain important.

Industrial society

Industrial society – formed initially in Western Europe: profound changes in the economic, political and cultural life of the late Middle Ages – Reformation and Enlightenment. Industrial society is an urbanized society, the flourishing of large cities. The rapid development of industrial society is due not only to the expansion of the sphere of human activity, the emergence industrial production, but also by restructuring its very foundations, a radical change in traditionalist values ​​and life meanings. If in a traditional society any innovations were disguised as tradition, then industrial society proclaims the value of the new, not constrained by regulatory tradition. This contributed to the development of social productive forces unprecedented in history.

Industrial society is characterized by the rapid development of technology based on the introduction of scientific ideas into social production. The emergence of large industrial enterprises equipped with sophisticated equipment created a social demand for a competent worker, and therefore contributed to the development of a mass education system. The development of the railway network not only greatly enhanced economic and cultural exchanges. The impact of technology on all aspects of life in industrial society is so great that it is often called technogenic civilization.

Science becomes not only the most important area of ​​spiritual culture, but also a direct productive force. Technological progress has contributed to the rise of the productive forces of society and an unprecedented increase in the quality of human life. The development of commodity production not only led to the saturation of the market with essential products, but also created new needs unknown to traditional society (synthetic medicines, computers, modern means of communication and transport, etc.). The quality of housing, food and medical care has noticeably improved, and average life expectancy has increased. The powerful development of technology has noticeably changed not only the objective environment of man, but also his entire daily life.

Technological progress has given rise to profound changes in the cultural meanings of nature, society and man himself, and introduced new values ​​and life meanings into the public consciousness. The traditionalist idea of ​​life-giving nature in the public consciousness of industrial society is replaced by the idea of ​​an ordered “system of nature” governed by natural laws.

Unlike traditional society, in industrial society the dominant type of social connection is based not on non-economic, but on economic coercion to work. Capitalist wage labor is characterized by a social partnership of two legally equal parties: an entrepreneur who owns the means of production (premises, equipment, raw materials), and a hired worker who has only his own labor force (physical ability to work, production skills, education). Unlike the owner of the means of production, the hired worker, yesterday's peasant, driven from the land by need, does not have the means to live. Abolition of personal dependence and transition to social contract on the basis of a legal agreement - a noticeable step forward in the establishment of human rights and the formation of civil society.

The severance of relationships of personal dependence and clan affiliation creates conditions for social mobility, i.e., a person’s ability to move from one social group (class) to another. Industrial society gives man one of the highest civilizational values ​​- personal freedom. A free person becomes the master of his own destiny. Social institutions, and above all the state represented by law enforcement agencies, courts, the prosecutor's office, as well as institutions of socialization (schools, universities, etc.) and individual employment (state enterprises), become mediators in the relations of people in an industrial society.

Institutionally mediated social connections give rise to people’s attitude towards each other as carriers social role(judge, boss, teacher, doctor, salesman, bus driver, etc.). And each person plays not one, but many social roles, acting both as an actor and as the author of his own life. The period of industrialization is characterized by mass migration of the rural population to cities, which can provide a higher standard of living. The development of legal consciousness and legal institutions that equate the strong and the weak, the noble and the baseless, the rich and the poor in the face of the law, i.e. the formation rule of law, not only an integral condition for the development of industrial capitalism, but also the most important civilizational achievement of humanity.

Post-industrial (modern) society.

Post-industrial society is an innovative society in which the economy is dominated by a sector of the economy with a highly productive industry, the knowledge industry. This is a society with a high share of high-quality and innovative services in GDP, with competition in all types of economic and other activities. The share of the employed population prevails in the service sector.

The emergence of the prerequisites for a post-industrial society, which emerged at the end of the last century in a number of industrialized countries, means a significant change in the civilizational priorities of social development, a restructuring of the civilizational foundations of technogenic civilization. The preservation of unique natural and cultural landscapes is more important for humanity than their industrial development. Preference is given to resource- and energy-saving technologies, as well as high-tech technologies at the molecular level. The public consciousness of post-industrial society has come to realize the need for reasonable restrictions on consumption (food, fuel, etc.).

In industrialized countries, the demand for small things has spawned an entire industry of small forms, from tiny ornamental plants and pets to compact cars. A person in a post-industrial society realizes the highest value of nature as the universal home of all humanity. Therefore, further strategies of civilizational development are aimed not at conquering nature, remaking society and creating a new person, but at the joint harmonious development of nature and culture. Describing the economic system of a post-industrial society, supporters of theories of post-industrialism, as a rule, highlight the following characteristic features: the decisive importance of the widespread use of information technologies; transformation of knowledge production into an independent branch of the economy (in connection with this, later theories (late 70s - 80s) began to be called theories of the information society).

Knowledge and information, as well as interactive communications, are considered to be the main factors of social and political change in modern Western society. Information technologies entail qualitative changes. They allow for real decentralization, which leads to the emergence of a number of small and flexible firms and organizational associations with a flexible structure. Decentralization and de-urbanization of production, changing the nature of work make it possible to return to home work (“home industry”) on the basis of modern electronic equipment and information technology. There is an individualization of goods and services. Mass production is being replaced by flexible, small-scale production of products, requiring highly skilled labor and significant research costs. The possibilities for vertical and especially horizontal mobility of individuals are increasing incredibly - the development of communications and increasing well-being make it possible to freely change their place of residence. In the social structure of society, these changes lead to the disappearance and blurring of the boundaries of social classes due to universal access to the main resource of post-industrial society - knowledge.

Property as a criterion for the social stratification of society is losing its former significance, giving way to the level of education and accumulated knowledge. In the political sphere, the final establishment of pluralistic democracy is taking place with an increase in the efficiency of government institutions and structures. At the same time, the formation of the information society is accompanied by an aggravation of a number of contradictions. In particular, the information society is often figuratively called a “spiritual whirlpool”, characterized by a loss of consent, an inability to come to a single standard of behavior, general rules, language, etc. The mosaic of value orientations gives rise to a sharp increase in the number of subcultures, which can increase the risk of social conflicts. However, it was the development of the information sector of the economy and the rapid progress of information and communication technologies that opened up additional opportunities for the development of globalization processes.

In a post-industrial society, an effective innovative industry satisfies the needs of all economic agents, consumers and the population, gradually reducing its growth rate and increasing qualitative, innovative changes.

Scientific developments are becoming the main driving force of the economy - the basis of the knowledge industry. The most valuable qualities are the level of education, professionalism and competence, learning ability and creativity of any economic entity. The main intensive factor in the development of post-industrial society is human capital - highly professional people who have a fairly high level of education, who advance science and knowledge as its result in all types of social activities.

Comparison line	Traditional	Industrial	Informational
Time of occurrence	The transition from primitiveness to the first civilizations (4 thousand BC)	Transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age (16th century)	Transition to modernity (60-70s of the twentieth century)
Transition method	Neolithic Revolution	Industrial Revolution	NTR
Main factor of production	Earth	Capital	Information (knowledge)
Main product of production	Food	Industrial products	Services
Characteristic features of production	Manual labor	Wide application of mechanisms and technologies	Automation of production, computerization of society
Employment	Agricultural - more than 75%	Agricultural – about 10%, industry – 85%	Agricultural – up to 3%, industry – 33% services – 66%
Dominant forms of ownership	Community	Private	Joint Stock
Marketability	Natural economy	Mass production	Small-scale production
Social structure	Estates, classes, inclusion of everyone in the team; closedness of social structures; low social mobility.	Class division, simplification of social structure, mobility of social elevators, open society	Maintaining social differentiation; growth of the middle class, professional differentiation depending on the level of knowledge and qualifications
Lifespan	40-50 years	70 years old	Over 70 years
Human impact on nature	Local, uncontrollable, ideal of harmony	Global, uncontrolled, exploitation	Global, controlled, solution to environmental problems
Political life	The predominance of monarchical forms of government, there are no political freedoms, power is above the law, it requires justification, self-government of communities.	Proclamation of political freedoms, equality before the law, democratic transformations, power is not taken for granted, it is required to justify the right to leadership	Political pluralism, strong civil society; the emergence of a new form of democracy – democracy of consensus.
Spiritual life	Traditional religious values ​​dominate, the culture is homogeneous, oral transmission of information predominates, a small number of educated people, and the fight against illiteracy.	New values ​​of progress, personal success, faith in science are affirmed; mass culture emerges and takes a leading position; training of specialists.	The basis of the worldview is information; the special role of science and education; development of individualized consciousness; continuing education.

Evolutionary concept The evolutionary concept is based on the idea of ​​a gradual qualitative change in society through its transition from one state to another. Changes occur in the direction of complication, increased diversity and the creation of new social structures

Herbert Spencer () British philosopher and sociologist, one of the founders of evolutionism, founder of the organic school in sociology, ideologist of liberalism

G. Spencer's concept Herbert Spencer believed that evolution represents a transition from a state of incoherent homogeneity to a state of coordinated heterogeneity. Just as in nature there is a transition from inanimate to living matter, so in society there is a transition from simple mechanical forms of sociality to complex organic forms.

Danielle Bell () American sociologist and publicist, founder of the theory of post-industrial (information) society

Raymond Aron () French philosopher, political scientist, sociologist and publicist, one of the authors of the theory of industrial and post-industrial societies

Features of the Industrial Revolution of the early 19th century 1. Industry is based on the scientific organization of labor 2. Humanity enormously reveals its resources through the use of science in the organization of labor 3. Industrial production involves the concentration of workers in factories and on the outskirts of large cities 4. The concentration of workers in places of work predetermines the hidden or even an open contradiction between employees and employers, between proletarians and entrepreneurs 5. Crises associated with overproduction are multiplying 6. An economic system is emerging, based on the industrial and scientific organization of labor, characterized by freedom of exchange and the pursuit of profit

Post-industrial (information) society The concept of “information” suggests that information is becoming the main resource of humanity. The concept of “post-industrial” indicates that industrial society has come to its end and something new is emerging

The revolutionary teaching of K. Marx Karl Heinrich Marx () - German philosopher, sociologist, economist, political journalist, public figure, founder of Marxism, author of the theory of surplus value

K. Marx's teaching on the development of society The main driving force of social change is class struggle “The history of all hitherto existing societies has been the history of class struggle. Free and slave, patrician and plebeian, landowner and serf, in short, oppressor and oppressed were in eternal antagonism to each other, waged a continuous, sometimes hidden, sometimes open struggle, always ending in a revolutionary reorganization of the entire social edifice or the common death of the fighting classes.” K. Marx

Primitive communism Slave-owning socio-economic formation Feudal socio-economic formation Capitalist socio-economic formation Communist socio-economic formation Stages of development of society according to K. Marx

Slave-owning socio-economic formation This is the first stage of class society, in which slave owners and slaves confronted each other. The power of slave owners over slaves was unlimited. They took advantage of the labor of slaves and could take their lives with impunity.

Feudal socio-economic formation The feudal socio-economic formation consisted of two antagonistic classes: landowners and peasants. In it, the feudal lords appropriate the surplus product produced by the peasants. The power of the landowner over the peasant does not extend beyond serfdom, according to which the peasant is attached to a given territory and cannot move to another place. The feudal lord has no power over the life of the peasant.

Capitalist socio-economic formation In the capitalist socio-economic formation, two new antagonistic classes confront each other: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The wage worker is formally free, but he is forced to work for the capitalist, who exploits him, taking away the surplus value he produces.

Marxist doctrine of society Contradiction between productive forces and production relations Productive forces develop more dynamically Production relations are more conservative Increasing contradiction between the growth of wealth among the few and poverty of the majority, which leads to a social crisis, the way out of which is revolution

Criteria of social progress Increased life expectancy Increased well-being of the population Degree of harmony between the interests of the individual and the state Degree of harmony between the interests of various groups and strata of society Reduction of the degree of tension between different groups of society

Types of society Types of society by degree of economic development Developed Developing Underdeveloped Most European countries, USA, Japan, etc. China, Brazil and other countries of South America and Southeast Asia Countries that have lagged behind in development and cannot catch up with developed countries

Traditional (agrarian) society Signs Traditional society Method of farming Subsistence economy Predominant sphere of economy Agricultural production Main method of labor Manual labor Main institutions Church and army Leading social strata Priests and feudal lords

Industrial society Signs Method of management Commodity production Predominant sphere of the economy Industrial production Main method of labor Mechanization and automation of production and management Main institutions Corporations Leading social strata Businessmen

Signs Post-industrial society Method of management Development of the service sector Predominant sphere of the economy Production of information Main method of labor Computerization Main educational institutions Universities Leading social strata Scientists and managers Post-industrial society

Multivariate social development. Typology of societies

Main ways of social development

Community development is a process that can be reformist or revolutionary in nature

Any degree of improvement in any area of ​​life, carried out simultaneously through a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the fundamental principles (systems, phenomena, structures)

Revolution

A radical qualitative change in the foundations of any phenomena of nature, society, or knowledge. Has a spasmodic nature of transition to a new qualitative state

In modern social science, the emphasis is shifting from the “reform – revolution” dilemma to “reform – innovation”

Innovation- ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of the social organism in given conditions

Social development is associated with the process of modernization

short-term

February Revolution of 1917 in Russia

long-term

Neolithic revolution - over three thousand years, industrial revolution - 18th - 19th centuries

Modernization- the process of transition from a traditional agrarian society to modern, industrial societies. Also this the process of replacing local, local types of cultures and social organization with “universal” forms

progressive

regressive(reactionary)

Society is in a state of continuous change and development. Reforms are associated with evolutionary changes in society. The social revolution differs from them in that it is concentrated in time and the masses of the people directly act in it. Today it is not proclaimed as a mandatory pattern for solving pressing historical problems, since revolution has not always been the main form of social transformation. Much more often, changes in society occurred as a result of reforms. In modern conditions there is a practice permanent reform in a self-regulating society. Modernization- improvement, renewal of the facility, bringing it into compliance with new requirements and standards, technical conditions, quality indicators. Modernization- is the process of reconstructing a social system, complete or partial, in order to accelerate development. Classic modernization theories describe “primary” modernization, which historically coincided with the development of Western capitalism. Later theories of modernization characterize it through the concepts of “secondary” or “catch-up” modernization. It is carried out under the conditions of the existence of a “model”, for example in the form of the Western European liberal model. The “modernization” paradigm is based on several postulates, the most important of which are:

a) only a country with a significant level of industrialization, sustainable economic development with a high gross domestic product and widespread use of inorganic (non-living) energy sources, public faith in the power of rational scientific knowledge as the basis of progress, an abundance of industrial and food products can be considered developed or “modern” , consumer goods; high level and quality of life; developed management and political structures; a developed professional-industrial structure of a highly mobile population employed primarily in industry, science and the service sector; large share of the “middle class” in the system of social stratification, etc.;

b) those societies or countries that do not meet these criteria are classified as either “traditional” or “transitional”;

c) the example of development and “modernization” are Western countries, therefore the theory of “modernization” itself is often referred to as the theory of “Westernization”;

Typology of societies is a classification of societies according to their leading characteristic. For example, by the presence of writing - preliterate and written, by the level of social differentiation - simple and complex, by formation - primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, by level of development - developed, developing, backward, by technical and technological factor - traditional, industrial and post-industrial

Comparison Questions	Traditional agrarian society	Industrial society	Post-industrial information society
Interaction with nature	Adaptation and subordination of society to natural conditions.	Use of natural resources, disruption of the ecological balance, “victory” over nature.	Replacing natural materials with artificial ones, solving environmental problems, striving for co-evolution
Impact on nature	Local, uncontrolled	Global, uncontrollable	Global, controlled
The basis of the economy.	Natural agriculture.	Industry, large machine production.	The predominance of the service sector, information technology.
Production features	Manual labor	Wide application of mechanisms and technologies	Automation of production, computerization of society
Main product		Industrial products
Nature of work	Individual	Mostly standard activities	A sharp increase in creativity in work
Employment	Agriculture – about 75%	Agriculture – about 10%, industry – about 85%	Agriculture up to 3%, industry – about 35%, services – about 66%
Main value.	Strength, land, power.		Knowledge, personal talents, information.
Basis of export		Production products
Interaction with countries	Irrelevant	Close relationship	Openness of society
Power relations.	The people are deprived of power. Power belongs to the state, army, church.	The people have access to power through democratic institutions. Corporations and businessmen have power.	The widespread development of democracy, the strengthening of the role of “professional politicians” due to the growth of apoliticality.
Social structure.	The majority of the population is rural. Rigid class hierarchy.	Growing urban population, increasing middle strata and social mobility.	The predominance of the urban population, the erasure of class differences, the majority of society is the middle strata.
Social norms.	Collectivism, communal principles, violation of individual rights.	Individualism, protection of individual rights through the rule of law.	Conscious voluntary limitation of individualism; In the legal system, the protection of individual interests is a priority.
Spiritual realm	Religion dominates, education is available only to a select few, change is slow.	Limitation of the role of religion, the emergence of atheism. Mass literacy and education. Development of science and technology.	The huge role of science and technological progress. Education is multi-level, continuous. Globalization of cultural processes.

This typology was developed in the traditions of the civilizational approach to society and puts the criterion of modernization at the forefront. At the same time, the society of primitive hunters and gatherers is considered as a pre-civilization stage in the development of mankind, the economy of which is characterized by an appropriating rather than a producing character, the dominance of a community of property and the influence of tribal ties.

Independent work

Exercise 1. Such work ethic attitudes as the preference for leisure over work, the desire to earn no more than is necessary to satisfy basic needs, are characteristic of 1) industrial 2) traditional 3) mass 4) post-industrial society.

Task 2. Are the following statements true about different types of societies? A) In an industrial society, individual characteristics of a person are highly valued, initiative and entrepreneurship are encouraged. B) Respect for customs, norms that have developed over centuries, the predominance of the collective principle over the private principle distinguishes post-industrial society from industrial society. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both are true 4) both are false

Task 3. Which of the following situations reflects the ethical values ​​characteristic of a traditional society? 1) An entrepreneur acts proactively by opening a factory in a densely populated rural area. 2) In his address to the parishioners, the priest proclaimed success in commercial affairs as a manifestation of God’s favor towards man. 3) The peasant works with his family on his plot of land in order to provide himself with food, bringing practically nothing to the market. 4) The enterprise has created creative groups involved in the development of a new product; as a rule, they stay late after working hours and work overtime.

Task 4. The widespread use of non-economic coercion to work is a characteristic feature of 1) industrial 2) traditional 3) civil 4) post-industrial society

Task 5. An Arab historian wrote about the Mongol invasion: “Since the creation of the world there has not been a more terrible catastrophe for humanity...” And in fact, invading rich, prosperous countries, Mongol horsemen trampled cultivated fields, destroyed and burned villages and cities. Everyone who resisted was exterminated, and masses of people - primarily artisans, women and children - were turned into slaves. What form of social change can be illustrated by this example? 1) stagnation 2) evolution 3) modernization 4) degradation

Task 6. The transition to an industrial society is associated with 1) awareness of the need to take care of natural resources 2) a high level of development of science and technology, facilitating the implementation of the industrial revolution 3) the creation of a unified information space 4) computerization of production

Task 7. Which feature is inherent in a traditional society? 1) intensive development of infrastructure 2) computerization of industry 3) predominance of the patriarchal family type 4) secular nature of culture

Task 8. Revolution as a form of social change 1) is always associated with a change in the territorial-state structure, 2) is aimed at transforming certain aspects of social life, 3) is usually carried out on the initiative of the authorities, 4) involves dramatic qualitative changes in social relations.

Task 9. Are the following judgments about the ways of development of society correct? A) Gradual partial changes in society, as a result of which the system acquires new qualitative or quantitative properties, elements, indicate the evolutionary path of development of society. B) Evolutionary changes can be both conscious and spontaneous, and revolutions are organized consciously. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both are true 4) both are false

Task 10. Which situation could arise only in a post-industrial society? 1) Residents of the village at a meeting with the head of the administration proposed opening a store selling computers 2) Factory workers went on strike demanding the introduction of an eight-hour working day 3) In order to feed his younger sister and brother, an 11-year-old teenager got a job at a weaving factory. 4) The university opened a faculty for training specialists in banking

Task 11. During the lecture, the professor named the features characteristic of different types of societies. Which of the following features can relate to a traditional society? 1) informatization of public life 2) high authority of scientific knowledge 3) the emergence of socio-natural contradictions affecting the world as a whole 4) slow pace of social development

Task 12. In society Z, knowledge-intensive industries and means of communication are actively developing, the service sector is coming to the fore, and the share of the “middle class” in the population is increasing. What type of society is Z? 1) industrial 2) post-industrial 3) traditional 4) agricultural

Task 13. During the discussion, one of the participants concluded that his opponent was incompetent, since he, while characterizing an industrial society, named a feature inherent in a traditional society. Which of the following characteristics has drawn criticism? 1) class structure of society 2) growth in the number of large industrial centers 3) the predominance of nuclear families 4) high level of social mobility.

Task 14. P.Ya Chaadaev wrote: “They say about Russia that it belongs neither to Europe nor to Asia, that it is a special world. So be it. But it is still necessary to prove that humanity, in addition to its two sides, defined by the words - West and East, also has a third side.” The burden of such proof was taken by 1) Westerners 2) Slavophiles 3) natural philosophers 4) idealists

Task 15. In the list of terms, all, with the exception of two, characterize a post-industrial society. Find two terms that fall out of the general series: 1) science 2) industrial revolution 3) information 4) globalization 5) traditionalism 6) Internet

Task 16. In the list of terms, all, with the exception of two, characterize an industrial society. Find these two terms: 1) mass culture 2) the transition from manual labor to machine labor 3) guild organization of industrial production 4) private property 5) castes 6) classes 7) environmental crisis 8) human rights and freedoms

Task 17. A classic example of traditional civilization is ancient Indian society. Find the characteristics of this type of civilization: 1) a large role in people’s lives is played by the community, which owns the land and irrigation structures 2) a high level of social mobility 3) a caste stratification system 4) a high level of development of industrial production 5) the dominance of a religious worldview 6) a developed institution human rights and freedoms

Task 18. Establish a correspondence between the ways of development of society and their examples

EXAMPLES OF WAYS TO DEVELOP SOCIETY

abolition of serfdom in 1861

events of October 1917 in Russia A) revolutionary

perestroika period

reforms of P.A. Stolypin B) evolutionary

period of industrialization

Jacobin dictatorship in France

Task 19. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list below the words that need to be filled in the gaps.

“The first type of civilizations is _____ (A) societies. It is represented by many countries in Africa and Asia. Among the spiritual values ​​in them, the leading place is occupied by an attitude towards ____ B) towards nature, and not its purposeful transformation. Activity directed inward to a person is valuable, to _____ B). Of particular importance in regulating social relations are ____ D), as well as customs and traditions. _____ D), who owned land and irrigation structures, played a major role in people’s lives. The economy of such societies is ____ E) in nature.”

List of words: 1) post-industrial 2) community 3) traditional 4) religion 5) adaptation 6) industrial 7) intensive 8) introspection 9) extensive

Task 20. Read the text in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list below the concepts that need to be filled in the blanks.

“According to A. Toffler, 300 years ago in Western Europe ____A) occurred. The agrarian (traditional) society was replaced by ____B). Humanity is beginning to perceive _____ B) in a new way – as a flow that cannot be stopped. At the same time, it can be lost and wasted. Humanity appears ___ G), but at the same time the problem of risk and responsibility arises. An important process is ___D) - the growth of cities, personal type connections are transformed into various connections with various social groups. The idea of ​​____ E) is emerging. The economic sphere is dominated by ____ F).” List of concepts: 1) industrial 2) private property 3) industrial revolution 4) agricultural revolution 5) urbanization 6) time 7) the right to choose 8) industrialization 9) human rights 10) state property.

Task 21. Read the text in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list below the concepts that need to be filled in the blanks. 1) direction 2) social change 3) process 4) needs 5) evolution 6) information 7) social progress 8) social revolution 9) welfare

“The social system is constantly changing: new elements appear, old ones become more complex or disappear. There are two forms of _____ A): evolution and revolution. Scientists call _____ B) the gradual process of the emergence of increasingly complex social formations. In the process of _____ B) the social system finds itself in an unstable state, the balance of social forces is disrupted. An important question is about _______ D) social changes and the factors that determine them. The idea that changes in the world occur in the direction from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect, gave rise to the idea ____ D). As a result of this social phenomenon, society is transitioning to a higher level of material _____ E) and spiritual development.”

Task 21. Name three features that unite industrial and post-industrial societies.

Task 22.“People who boasted of having made a revolution were always convinced the next day that they did not know what they were doing - that the revolution they made was completely different from the one they wanted to make,” wrote F. Engels. What do you think he meant? "Revolution is a barbaric form of progress." (J. Jaurès)*

Task 23. Many prominent scientists and public figures believe that the leading value of modern society is innovation. Apple founder Steve Jobs said: "Innovation makes a leader". Give any three arguments to support your point of view.

Task 24.“Every change paves the way for other changes.” (N. Machiavelli) “Without struggle there is no progress” (F. Douglas). Reveal the meaning of the statements.

Task 25. The Spanish sociologist M. Castellier derived the following formula for post-industrial society: “I think, therefore I produce.” What feature of this society did the scientist try to express?

Task 26.“The world needs to be changed, otherwise it will begin to change us in an uncontrollable way.” (S. Lem)*

Task 27. Read the text and complete tasks C1 – C4

It should be recognized that innovation has occurred throughout human history. Some innovations were subtle and did not go beyond the usual forms of activity and way of life, while others significantly modified production methods and, ultimately, the structure, structure and functioning of society.

In the chain of innovations, innovative “leaps” occurred from time to time, entailing qualitative changes in the forms of social life. The transition to agriculture marked the beginning of an agrarian society. The innovation leap generated by the development of machine production ushered in the industrial era, which changed the face of society and created the ground for industrial capitalism.

Over the past half century, qualitative changes have undoubtedly occurred in the very foundation of human society. They are so deep that they received names in the scientific and socio-political lexicon that invariably included the word “revolution”: “second industrial revolution”, “scientific and technological revolution”, “information revolution”. The globalization spurred by these changes, in turn, contributed to their spread throughout the world. The center of gravity of social production began to quickly move from material factors to spiritual ones: knowledge, information, creativity. Scientists and publicists started talking about the “knowledge economy”, or the “smart economy”. It is increasingly obvious that science and the intellectual potential of society sublimated in it are beginning to play a dominant role in social production.

The theoretical reflection of these shifts in the second half of the last century were the concepts of “post-industrial”, “information”, “post-modern” society. As a result, the nature of socio-economic and socio-cultural development of society is changing. The decisive factor is the creative potential of the individual (human capital), included in a system of social interactions based on trust and solidarity (social capital).

(Yu.A. Krasin)

C1. What two innovative “leaps” did the author name? How did each of these leaps, according to the author, “change the face of society”? Why are names that include the word “revolution” used to describe changes that have occurred over the past half century?

C3 What two main changes in the social production of post-industrial society did the author highlight? Using social science knowledge, indicate any one change not mentioned in the text.

C4. Based on social science knowledge, text and facts of social life, name any two positive and two negative consequences of globalization. (Be sure to indicate which consequences of globalization you regard as positive and which as negative, otherwise the answer will not be counted)

Answer sheet

1 – 2 2 – 1 3 – 3 4 – 2 5 – 4 6 – 2 7 – 3 8 – 4 9 – 3 10 – 1 11 – 4 12 -2

13 – 1 14 – 2 15 – 2,5 16 – 3,5 17 – 1,3,5 18 – 1B 2A 3B 4B 5B 6A 19 – A3 B5 C8 D4 D2 E9

20 – A3 B1 C6 D7 D5 E9 G2

25. The sociologist emphasized the strengthening and importance of the human factor in production