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Avar language, Avar language translation
magarul matsi

Countries:

Russia, Azerbaijan

Official status:

Dagestan Dagestan

Languages ​​of Eurasia

North Caucasian superfamily (not generally recognized)

Nakh-Dagestan familyAvaro-Ando-Tsez branchAvaro-Andean group

Writing:

Cyrillic (Avar script)

Language codes GOST 7.75–97: ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: See also:Project:Linguistics

Avar language (emergency avar mats̄I, magIarul mats̄I (lit. ‘mountain, mountain language’), cargo. Khunzuri Ena (lit. ‘Khunzakh language’)) is the language of the Avar-Andean group of the Nakh-Dagestan family of languages. structurally it is closest to the Andean languages. The basis of the literary Avar language is the so-called. BolmatsӀtsӀ (“language of the army”) is an interdialectal language developed on the basis of the northern dialect.

• 1 Area and number of carriers
• 2 Dialects
• 3 Grammatical characteristics
• 4 Avar writing
• 5 Phonetics
• 6 Examples of phrases in Avar
• 7 History of language and literature
• 8 Interesting facts
• 9 Notes
• 10 Literature
• 11 Links

Range and number of carriers

Distribution of the Avar language

Distributed among Avars living in Dagestan, northern Azerbaijan, northeastern Georgia and Turkey. The number of Avar speakers in Russia is 715,297 people. (2010). This number includes many speakers of Ando-Tsez languages ​​who use Avar as a second language. The approximate number of speakers of Avar as a native language is 703 thousand people. (2010).

Dialects

Main article: Avar dialects

The Avar dialects have diverged quite widely, so that there is often no mutual understanding between them.

Avar dialects are divided into northern and southern groups (adverbs). the first includes Salatav, Khunzakh and Eastern, the second - Gid, Antsukh, Zaqatal, Karakh, Andalal, Kakhib and Kusur; the Batlukh dialect occupies an intermediate position. There are phonetic, morphological and lexical differences between individual dialects and dialect groups as a whole. The modern Avar literary language was formed on the basis of the Khunzakh dialect.

Since the dialects of the northern dialect - eastern (Buinaksky, Gergebilsky and Levashinsky regions of Dagestan), Salatavsky (Kazbekovsky, Gumbetovsky and some other regions of Dagestan) and Khunzakhsky (Khunzakhsky and Untsukulsky regions of Dagestan) are quite close to the literary norm (one can only point out the correspondence of Khunz. , eastern u - salad o; transition p< гь, выпадение звонкого б в интервокальном положении, тенденцию к утрате классных показателей в хунзахском, использование финитной формы вместо причастия в составном сказуемом в салатавском и др.), здесь будут отмечены лишь особенности южных диалектов.

The Andalal dialect (Gunibsky district; as well as the villages of Arkas and Manasaul, resettled in the mid-19th century to the Buinaksky region) unites ten dialects - Bukhtinsky, Rugudzhinsky, Kegersky, Kuyadinsky, Sogratlinsky, Obohsky, Gamsutlinsky, Khotoch-Hindakhsky, Kudalinsky, Chokhsky : ergative suffix -d, infinitive suffix -de, past participle suffix -mo, etc.

Antsukhi dialect (Tlyaratina region, includes Chadakolobsky, Tashsky, Antsrosunkhadinsky, Bukhnadinsky, Tominsky and Tlyanadinsky dialects): short aruptive-lateral kъI, voiced affricates dz and j, absence of c; class forms of the dative case: vekhassi-v-e I, vekhassi-b-e III ‘shepherd’; auxiliary verbs bachan(a), bokhIa-n(a), etc., past tense suffix -a (khIva ‘died’) and -ri (bek-ri ‘plowed’).

Batlukh dialect (Shamil region): absence of short whistling ts, tsI, s, z and long hissing ch̄, shch, ch̄I, short lateral l and back-lingual affricate k̄; the affix of the indirect stem -al̄ъ- is more productive; suffix of indirect plural stem. numbers -d-; quotation particle -lo.

Gida dialect (Shamil region): absence of c, c, ch, lI, x, k, presence of j, kI; ergative suffix -d, infinitive suffix -le, past tense -a, -o, -u, gerund suffix -mo; The ergative and nominative of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns coincide in the plural. number.

Zagatala dialect (Belokan and Zakatala regions of Azerbaijan; is significantly influenced by the Azerbaijani language): palatalized kI', x', t', tI', n', voiced uvular affricate kgъ, corresponding to lit. gъ, as well as vowels ы, аь, оь, уь in Turkic-Persian borrowings; absence of lateral and labialized ones; loss of III and IV series of localization; marking 1st person verb forms with a suffixal class indicator.

Karakh dialect (Charodinsky region): affricates kъI and j, absence of lI; suffix of the past tense -ur, present -na, future -la.

Grammatical characteristics

The structure of the Avar language is characterized by a complex system of consonants, the presence of nominal classes, numerous local cases, and ergative construction.

Phonetics is characterized by a mobile stress, which plays a semantically distinctive role (for example, “sheep” (gIi) - genitive case gIiyal, plural -gI And yal), reduction of vowels and the presence of ablaut (“stone” - gamachI, genitive case - ganchIil; “pickaxe” - gaza, genitive case - gozol, plural - guzbi).

In the grammatical system there is a large number of labile, or transitive-intransitive, verbs; the presence of so-called increasing verbs; the possibility of forming constructions with a double nominative in the analytical form of the predicate verb (for example, “Father plows the field” - “insutsa khur bekyuleb bugo//emen khur bekyulev vugo”); designation of the subject of verbs of sensory perception by superlative (local case); the coexistence of two contrasting constructions - ergative and nominative - in the sphere of functioning of the transitive verb, etc.

Avar writing

Main article: Avar writing

Apparently, no later than the 15th century, Arabic writing penetrated into Avaria, but only in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. it has become widespread. The first version of Avar writing on a Cyrillic basis was created by P. K. Uslar in 1861 in Tiflis. In 1928, a decision was made to translate the Avar language into the Latin alphabet, and in 1938 a new alphabet on a Russian graphic basis was introduced. The Avar language itself was declared “newly written”

Modern alphabet

A a	B b	In in	G g	G g g	Gee gee	GӀ gӀ	D d
Her	Her	F	Z z	And and	Thy	K k	K
Whoa	КӀ кӀ	L l	L'l'	Mm	N n	Oh oh	P p
R r	With with	T t	TӀ tӀ	U y	F f	X x	x x x
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR	XӀ xӀ	Ts ts	TsӀ tsӏ	H h	ChӀ chӀ	Sh sh	sch sch
Kommersant	s	b b	Uh uh	Yu Yu	I I

Avar alphabet (1928-1937)

Phonetics

Consonant system of the Avar language

		Labial	Dental		Postalveolar				Chambers	Velar		Uvular		Epigle.	Glott.
					Central		Lateral
			weak	strong	weak	strong	weak	strong		weak	strong	weak	strong
Nasals		m	n
Explosion.	voiced	b	d							ɡ
	deaf	p	t							k	kː				ʔ
	emphatic		tʼ							kʼ	kːʼ
Affric.	deaf		t͡s	t͡sː	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃː		t͡ɬː					q͡χː
	emphatic		t͡sʼ	t͡sːʼ	t͡ʃʼ	t͡ʃːʼ		(t͡ɬːʼ)					q͡χːʼ
Fricat.	deaf		s	sː	ʃ	ʃː	ɬ	ɬː		x	xː	χ	χː	ʜ
	voiced	v	z		ʒ							ʁ		ʢ	ɦ
Trembling					r
Approximant							l		j

Examples of phrases in Avar

Hello!	Grumpy!	Rorčʼami!
How are you doing?	Shchib haal bugeb?	What's wrong with bugeb?
How are you doing?	Ish kin bugeb?	Is kin bugeb?
What is your name?	Duda tsar shib?	Duda cʼar ššib?
How old are you?	Dur chan son bugeb?	Dur čan son bugeb?
Where are you going? appeal to a man	Mun kive unev vugev?	Mun kiwe unew wugew?
Sorry!	Taassa lyugya!	Tʼasa łuha!
Where is the little boy going?	Kive gyitiinav you unev vugev?	Kiwe hitʼinaw was unew wugew?
The boy broke the bottle.	Wasas shisha bekana.	Wasas šiša bekana.
They are building a road.	Gyez nuh baleb (gyabuleb) bugo.	Hez nux baleb (habuleb) bugo.

History of language and literature

Main article: Avar literature

After 1917, Avar fiction reached a significant flourishing, although many works were written by order of the party. Currently, the proportion of Avar youth who do not speak their native language is growing, which in the future may lead to the disappearance of first the literary and later the spoken Avar language.

Dagestan State University in Makhachkala trains specialists in Avar philology.

Famous Avar poets are: Zaid Gadzhiev, Rasul Gamzatov, Mashidat Gairbekova, Fazu Aliyeva, Adallo Ali.

Among the fairly well-known works, the folk “Song of Khochbar” and “Heroes in Fur Coats” by the writer Rajab Din-Magomayev should be noted.

Shamil spoke about his knowledge of languages: “In addition to Arabic, I know three languages: Avar, Kumyk and Chechen. I go into battle with Avar, I speak with women in Kumyk, I joke in Chechen.”

Notes

1. Ethnologue:Languages ​​of the World
2. Ethnologue report for language code:ava (English). Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2015. Ethnologue:Languages ​​of the World, Eighteenth edition. Retrieved May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012.
3. 1 2 3 M. E. Alekseev AVAR LANGUAGE
4. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
5. http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/alw-cau-reestr.pdf
6. V. A. Tishkov. The Republic of Dagestan
7. Y. Chesnov, Chechen humor, Chechen.org, 2009
8. M. Tabidze, B. Shavkhelishvili, Humor of Georgians and Chechens, Tbilisi

Literature

• Alekseev M. E., Ataev B. M. Avar language. M., 1997.
• Ataev B. M. Avars: history, language, writing. Makhachkala, 1996.
• Avar-Russian dictionary. - Moscow, 1936.
• Avar-Russian dictionary. - Moscow, 1967.
• Russian-Avar dictionary. - Makhachkala, 1955.
• Malamagomedov D. M. Arab-Dagestan cultural, literary contacts and their role in the formation of pre-revolutionary Avar literature // Electronic journal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - 2008. - No. 5 - Philology.

Links

Wikipedia contains chapter
in Avar language
"BetӀerab gyumer"

Wiktionary contains a list of Avar words in the category

• Madieva G. Avar language (from: Languages ​​of the Peoples of the USSR)
• Alekseev M. E. Avar language (from: Languages ​​of the world: Caucasian languages)
• John M. Clifton, Janfer Mak, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, and Calvin Tiessen. The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Avar in Azerbaijan. SIL International, 2005
• Online translation of the Avar language and search on Avar sites
• Corpus of the Avar language

State and official languages ​​in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
State language of the Russian Federation	Russian
Official languages subjects of the Federation	Abaza Avar Agul Adyghe Azerbaijani Altai Bashkir Buryat Dargin Ingush Kabardino-Circassian Kalmyk Karachay-Balkar Komi Crimean Tatar Kumyk Lak Lezgi Nogai Mari Moksha Ossetian Rutul Tabasaran Tatar Tat Tuvan Udmurt Ukrainian Khakass Tsakhur Chechen Chuvash Erzya Yakut
Languages ​​with official status	Vepsian Dolgan Kazakh Karelian Komi-Permyak Mansi Nenets Selkup Finnish Khanty Chukchi Evenki Even Yukaghir

Nakh-Dagestan (East Caucasian) languages
Nakh branch	Batsbi Vainakh: Ingush, Chechen (Akkin-Orstkhoi (Galanchozh) dialect¹)
Avaro-Ando-Tsez branch	Avar Andean: Andian, Akhvakh, Bagvalinsky, Botlikhsky, Godoberinsky, Karatinsky, Tindinsky, Chamalinsky Tsezsky: Bezhtinsky, Ginukhsky, Gunzibsky, Khvarshinsky (Inkhokvarinsky), Tsezsky
Lak branch	Laksky
Dargin branch¹	Dargin literary Kaitag Kubachi Megeb northern: Akushinsky, Gapshiminsky-Butrinsky, Kadarsky, Muginsky, Muirinsky, Murega-Gubdensky, Urakhinsky, Tsudaharsky Chiragsky southwestern: Amukh-Khudutsky, Kunkinsky, Sanzhi-Isarinsky, Sirkha
Lezgin branch	Archin Lezghin proper: Eastern Lezgin (Agul, Lezgin, Tabasaran), Western Lezgin (Rutul, Tsakhur), Southern Lezgin (Budukh, Kryz) Udin: Agvan (Caucasian-Albanian) †, Udin
Khinalug branch²	Khinalug
Notes:¹ the use of the term “language” is controversial; ² previously belonged to the Lezgin languages; † dead language

Avar language, Avar language translation

Avar language Information About

ISO 639-3 : See also: Project: Linguistics

Avar language (emergency avar mats̄I, magIarul mats̄I(lit. ‘mountain, mountain language’), cargo. Khunzuri Ena (lit. 'Khunzakh language') - language of the Avar-Andean group Nakh-Dagestan family languages. Structurally the closest Andean languages. The basis of the literary Avar language is the so-called. bolmatsӀtsӀ(“the language of the army”) is an interdialectal language developed on the basis of the northern dialect.

Linguogeography

Range and numbers

According to the notes of Russian Army General A. A. Neverovsky for 1847:

Since the Avars have always been the strongest tribe in the mountains and have always occupied the middle of Dagestan, their language became dominant among the inhabitants of the described region. Almost all mountaineers know how to speak Avar and use this language in oral communications with each other.

Currently, the Avar language is widespread among Avars living in Dagestan, in the north Azerbaijan, northeast Georgia and in Turkey. The number of Avar speakers in Russia is 715,297 people. (2010). This number includes many speakers of Ando-Tsez languages ​​who use Avar as a second language. The approximate number of speakers of Avar as a native language is 703 thousand people. (2010).

Dialects

The Avar dialects have diverged quite widely, so that there is often a lack of mutual understanding between them.

Avar dialects are divided into northern and southern groups (adverbs). The first includes Salatav, Khunzakh and Eastern, the second - Gid, Antsukh, Zaqatal, Karakh, Andalal, Kakhib and Kusur; the Batlukh dialect occupies an intermediate position. There are phonetic, morphological and lexical differences between individual dialects and dialect groups as a whole. The modern Avar literary language was formed on the basis of the Khunzakh dialect.

Since the dialects of the northern dialect are eastern ( Buynaksky , Gergebilsky And Levashinsky districts Dagestan), Salatavsky ( Kazbekovsky , Gumbetovsky and some other areas Dagestan) and Khunzakh ( Khunzakhsky And Untsukul districts Dagestan) are quite close to the literary norm (one can only point out the correspondence between Hunz., Eastern u - Salad. o; transition p< гь, выпадение звонкого б в интервокальном положении, тенденцию к утрате классных показателей в хунзахском, использование финитной формы вместо причастия в составном сказуемом в салатавском и др.), здесь будут отмечены лишь особенности южных диалектов.

Story

Famous Avar poets are: Zaid Gadzhiev , Rasul Gamzatov , Mashidat Gairbekova , Aliyev phase , Adallo Ali.

Among the fairly well-known works, it should be noted the folk “Song of Khochbar”, “Heroes in Fur Coats” by the writer Rajaba Din-Magomaeva.

Writing

Apparently, no later than the 15th century, Arabic letter, but only in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. it has become widespread. The first version of Avar writing in Cyrillic basis was created P. K. Uslar V 1861 in Tiflis. In 1928, it was decided to translate the Avar language into Latin alphabet, and in 1938 a new alphabet was introduced on a Russian graphic basis.

Modern alphabet

A a	B b	In in	G g	G g g	Gee gee	GӀ gӀ	D d
Her	Her	F	Z z	And and	Thy	K k	K
Whoa	КӀ кӀ	L l	L'l'	Mm	N n	Oh oh	P p
R r	With with	T t	TӀ tӀ	U y	F f	X x	x x x
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR	XӀ xӀ	Ts ts	TsӀ tsӏ	H h	ChӀ chӀ	Sh sh	sch sch
Kommersant	s	b b	Uh uh	Yu Yu	I I

Linguistic characteristics

The structure of the Avar language is characterized by a complex system consonants, availability named classes, numerous local cases , ergative construction.

Phonetics and phonology

Consonant system of the Avar language

		Labial	Dental		Postalveolar				Chambers	Velar		Uvular		Epigle.	Glott.
					Central		Lateral
			weak	strong	weak	strong	weak	strong		weak	strong	weak	strong
Nasals
Explosion.	voiced
	deaf										kː
	emphatic		tʼ							kʼ	kːʼ
Affric.	deaf		t͡s	t͡sː	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃː		t͡ɬː					q͡χː
	emphatic		t͡sʼ	t͡sːʼ	t͡ʃʼ	t͡ʃːʼ		(t͡ɬːʼ)					q͡χːʼ
Fricat.	deaf			sː		ʃː		ɬː			xː		χː
	voiced
Trembling
Approximant

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Notes

Literature

• Alekseev M. E., Ataev B. M. Avar language. M., 1997.
• Ataev B. M. Avars: history, language, writing. Makhachkala, 1996.
• Avar-Russian dictionary. - Moscow, 1936.
• Avar-Russian dictionary. - Moscow, 1967.
• Russian-Avar dictionary. - Makhachkala, 1955.
• Malamagomedov D. M.// Electronic journal " Knowledge. Understanding. Skill" - 2008. - № 5 - Philology .

Links

• / M.E. Alekseev // Great Russian Encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov . - M. : Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004-.

State language of the Russian Federation Official languages subjects of the Federation Languages ​​with official status

Nakh branch Avaro-Ando-Tsez branch

An excerpt characterizing the Avar language

Platov's detachment acted independently of the army. Several times the Pavlograd residents were in units in skirmishes with the enemy, captured prisoners and once even recaptured the crews of Marshal Oudinot. In April, Pavlograd residents stood for several weeks near an empty German village that had been destroyed to the ground, without moving.
There was frost, mud, cold, the rivers were broken, the roads became impassable; For several days they did not provide food to either the horses or the people. Since delivery became impossible, people scattered across abandoned desert villages to look for potatoes, but they found little of that. Everything was eaten, and all the inhabitants fled; those who remained were worse than beggars, and there was nothing to take from them, and even little - compassionate soldiers often, instead of taking advantage of them, gave them their last.
The Pavlograd regiment lost only two wounded in action; but lost almost half of the people from hunger and disease. They died so surely in hospitals that soldiers, sick with fever and swelling resulting from bad food, preferred to serve, dragging their feet to the front rather than go to hospitals. With the opening of spring, the soldiers began to find a plant emerging from the ground, similar to asparagus, which they called for some reason Mashkin’s sweet root, and they scattered across the meadows and fields, looking for this Mashkin’s sweet root (which was very bitter), dug it up with sabers and ate it, despite to orders not to eat this harmful plant.
In the spring, a new disease appeared among the soldiers, swelling of the arms, legs and face, the cause of which doctors believed was the use of this root. But despite the ban, the Pavlograd soldiers of Denisov’s squadron ate mainly Mashka’s sweet root, because for the second week they were stretching out the last crackers, they were only given half a pound per person, and the potatoes in the last parcel were delivered frozen and sprouted. The horses had also been eating thatched roofs from houses for the second week; they were hideously thin and covered with tufts of matted winter hair.
Despite such a disaster, soldiers and officers lived exactly the same as always; in the same way now, although with pale and swollen faces and in tattered uniforms, the hussars lined up for calculations, went to the cleaning, cleaned horses, ammunition, dragged straw from the roofs instead of feed and went to dine at the boilers, from which the hungry got up, making fun of with your disgusting food and your hunger. Just as always, in their free time from service, the soldiers burned fires, steamed naked by the fires, smoked, selected and baked sprouted, rotten potatoes and told and listened to stories about either the Potemkin and Suvorov campaigns, or tales about Alyosha the scoundrel, and about the priest's farmhand Mikolka.
The officers, as usual, lived in twos and threes in open, half-ruined houses. The elders took care of purchasing straw and potatoes, in general about the means of subsistence of the people, the younger ones were busy, as always, with cards (there was a lot of money, although there was no food), and with innocent games - pile and towns. Little was said about the general course of affairs, partly because they knew nothing positive, partly because they vaguely felt that the general cause of the war was going badly.
Rostov lived, as before, with Denisov, and their friendly relationship, since their vacation, had become even closer. Denisov never spoke about Rostov’s family, but from the tender friendship that the commander showed to his officer, Rostov felt that the old hussar’s unhappy love for Natasha participated in this strengthening of friendship. Denisov apparently tried to expose Rostov to danger as little as possible, took care of him and after the case he especially joyfully greeted him safe and sound. On one of his business trips, Rostov found in an abandoned, devastated village, where he had come for provisions, the family of an old Pole and his daughter with an infant. They were naked, hungry, and could not leave, and did not have the means to leave. Rostov brought them to his camp, placed them in his apartment, and kept them for several weeks while the old man recovered. Rostov's comrade, having started talking about women, began to laugh at Rostov, saying that he was more cunning than everyone else, and that it would not be a sin for him to introduce his comrades to the pretty Polish woman he had saved. Rostov took the joke as an insult and, flushing, said such unpleasant things to the officer that Denisov could hardly keep both of them from the duel. When the officer left and Denisov, who himself did not know Rostov’s relationship with the Polish woman, began to reproach him for his temper, Rostov told him:
- How do you want... She’s like a sister to me, and I can’t describe to you how offended it was for me... because... well, that’s why...
Denisov hit him on the shoulder and quickly began to walk around the room, without looking at Rostov, which he did in moments of emotional excitement.
“What an amazing weather of yours,” he said, and Rostov noticed tears in Denisov’s eyes.

In April, the troops were enlivened by the news of the sovereign's arrival to the army. Rostov did not manage to get to the review that the sovereign was doing in Bartenstein: the Pavlograd residents stood at outposts, far ahead of Bartenstein.
They stood in bivouacs. Denisov and Rostov lived in a dugout dug for them by the soldiers, covered with branches and turf. The dugout was constructed in the following way, which then became fashionable: a ditch was dug one and a half arshins wide, two arshins deep and three and a half long. At one end of the ditch there were steps, and this was a porch; the ditch itself was a room in which the happy ones, like the squadron commander, on the far side, opposite the steps, had a board lying on stakes - it was a table. On both sides along the ditch, a yard of earth was removed, and these were two beds and sofas. The roof was arranged so that you could stand in the middle, and you could even sit on the bed if you moved closer to the table. Denisov, who lived luxuriously because the soldiers of his squadron loved him, also had a board in the gable of the roof, and in this board there was broken but glued glass. When it was very cold, the heat from the soldiers’ fires was brought to the steps (to the reception room, as Denisov called this part of the booth) on a curved iron sheet, and it became so warm that the officers, of whom there were always many at Denisov and Rostov’s, sat alone shirts.
In April, Rostov was on duty. At 8 o'clock in the morning, returning home after a sleepless night, he ordered the heat to be brought, changed his rain-wet clothes, prayed to God, drank tea, warmed up, put things in order in his corner and on the table, and with a weather-beaten, burning face, wearing only a shirt, he lay on his back with his hands under his head. He pleasantly thought that one of these days he should receive his next rank for the last reconnaissance, and expected Denisov to go somewhere. Rostov wanted to talk to him.
Behind the hut, Denisov’s rolling cry was heard, obviously getting excited. Rostov moved to the window to see who he was dealing with and saw Sergeant Topcheenko.
“I told you not to let them burn this fire, some kind of machine!” Denisov shouted. “After all, I saw it myself, Lazag” was dragging the chuk from the field.
“I ordered, your honor, they didn’t listen,” answered the sergeant.
Rostov lay down on his bed again and thought with pleasure: “Let him fuss and fuss now, I’ve finished my job and I’m lying down - great!” From behind the wall he heard that, in addition to the sergeant, Lavrushka, that lively rogue lackey of Denisov, was also speaking. Lavrushka told something about some carts, crackers and bulls, which he saw while going for provisions.
Behind the booth, Denisov’s scream was heard again, retreating, and the words: “Saddle up! Second platoon!
“Where are they going?” thought Rostov.
Five minutes later, Denisov entered the booth, climbed onto the bed with dirty feet, angrily smoked a pipe, scattered all his things, put on a whip and a saber and began to leave the dugout. To Rostov’s question, where? he answered angrily and vaguely that there was a matter.
- God and the great sovereign judge me there! - Denisov said, leaving; and Rostov heard the feet of several horses splashing in the mud behind the booth. Rostov didn’t even bother to find out where Denisov went. Having warmed himself up in his coal, he fell asleep and just left the booth in the evening. Denisov has not returned yet. The evening cleared up; Near the neighboring dugout, two officers and a cadet were playing pile, laughingly planting radishes in the loose, dirty soil. Rostov joined them. In the middle of the game, the officers saw carts approaching them: about 15 hussars on thin horses followed them. The carts, escorted by the hussars, drove up to the hitching posts, and a crowd of hussars surrounded them.
“Well, Denisov kept grieving,” said Rostov, “and now the provisions have arrived.”
- And then! - said the officers. - Those are very welcome soldiers! - Denisov rode a little behind the hussars, accompanied by two infantry officers with whom he was talking about something. Rostov went to meet him.
“I’m warning you, captain,” said one of the officers, thin, small in stature and apparently embittered.
“After all, I said that I wouldn’t give it back,” Denisov answered.
- You will answer, captain, this is a riot - take away the transports from your own! We didn't eat for two days.
“But mine didn’t eat for two weeks,” answered Denisov.
- This is robbery, answer me, my dear sir! – the infantry officer repeated, raising his voice.
- Why are you pestering me? A? - Denisov shouted, suddenly getting excited, - I will answer, not you, and you don’t buzz around here while you’re still alive. March! – he shouted at the officers.
- Good! - without timidity and without moving away, the little officer shouted, - to rob, so I tell you...
“To chog” that march at a fast pace, while he’s still intact.” And Denisov turned his horse towards the officer.
“Okay, okay,” the officer said with a threat, and, turning his horse, he rode away at a trot, shaking in the saddle.
“A dog is in trouble, a living dog is in trouble,” Denisov said after him - the highest mockery of a cavalryman at a mounted infantryman, and, approaching Rostov, he burst out laughing.
– He recaptured the infantry, recaptured the transport by force! - he said. - Well, shouldn’t people die of hunger?
The carts that approached the hussars were assigned to an infantry regiment, but, having been informed through Lavrushka that this transport was coming alone, Denisov and the hussars repulsed it by force. The soldiers were given plenty of crackers, even shared with other squadrons.
The next day, the regimental commander called Denisov to him and told him, covering his eyes with open fingers: “I look at it like this, I don’t know anything and I won’t start anything; but I advise you to go to headquarters and there, in the provisions department, settle this matter, and, if possible, sign that you received so much food; otherwise, the demand is written down on the infantry regiment: the matter will arise and may end badly.”
Denisov went directly from the regimental commander to headquarters, with a sincere desire to carry out his advice. In the evening he returned to his dugout in a position in which Rostov had never seen his friend before. Denisov could not speak and was choking. When Rostov asked him what was wrong with him, he only uttered incomprehensible curses and threats in a hoarse and weak voice...
Frightened by Denisov's situation, Rostov asked him to undress, drink water and sent for a doctor.
- Try me for crime - oh! Give me some more water - let them judge, but I will, I will always beat the scoundrels, and I will tell the sovereign. Give me some ice,” he said.
The regimental doctor who came said that it was necessary to bleed. A deep plate of black blood came out of Denisov’s shaggy hand, and only then was he able to tell everything that happened to him.
“I’m coming,” Denisov said. - “Well, where is your boss here?” Shown. Would you like to wait? “I have work, I came 30 miles away, I don’t have time to wait, report.” Okay, this chief thief comes out: he also decided to teach me: This is robbery! - “Robbery, I say, is committed not by the one who takes provisions to feed his soldiers, but by the one who takes it to put it in his pocket!” So would you like to remain silent? "Fine". Sign, he says, with the commission agent, and your case will be handed over to the command. I come to the commission agent. I enter - at the table... Who?! No, just think!...Who is starving us, - Denisov shouted, hitting the table with the fist of his sore hand, so hard that the table almost fell and the glasses jumped on it, - Telyanin! “What, are you starving us?!” Once, once in the face, deftly it was necessary... “Ah... with this and that and... began to roll. But I was amused, I can say,” Denisov shouted, baring his white teeth joyfully and angrily from under his black mustache. “I would have killed him if they hadn’t taken him away.”
“Why are you shouting, calm down,” Rostov said: “here the blood is starting again.” Wait, I need to bandage it. Denisov was bandaged and put to bed. The next day he woke up cheerful and calm. But at noon, the regimental adjutant with a serious and sad face came to the common dugout of Denisov and Rostov and with regret showed a uniform paper to Major Denisov from the regimental commander, in which inquiries were made about yesterday's incident. The adjutant reported that the matter was about to take a very bad turn, that a military court commission had been appointed, and that with the real severity regarding the looting and high-handedness of the troops, in a happy case, the matter could end in demotion.

(Avar writing)

Language codes GOST 7.75–97 ava 014 ISO 639-1 av ISO 639-2 ava ISO 639-3 ava WALS ava Atlas of the World's Languages ​​in Danger Ethnologue ava IETF av Glottolog See also: Project: Linguistics

The basis of the literary Avar language is the so-called. bolmatsӀ(“the language of the army”) is an interdialectal language developed on the basis of the northern dialect.

Linguogeography

Range and numbers

According to the notes of Russian Army General A. A. Neverovsky for 1847:

Since the Avars have always been the strongest tribe in the mountains and have always occupied the middle of Dagestan, their language became dominant among the inhabitants of the described region. Almost all mountaineers know how to speak Avar and use this language in oral communications with each other.

Currently, the Avar language is widespread among the Avars living in Dagestan, northern Azerbaijan, northeastern Georgia and Turkey. The number of Avar speakers in Russia is 715,297 people. (2010). This number includes many speakers of Ando-Tsez languages ​​who use Avar as a second language. The approximate number of speakers of Avar as a native language is 703 thousand people. (2010).

Dialects

Avar dialects are divided into northern and southern groups (adverbs). The first includes Salatav, Khunzakh and Eastern, the second - Gid, Antsukh, Zaqatal, Karakh, Andalal, Kakhib and Kusur; the Batlukh dialect occupies an intermediate position. There are phonetic, morphological and lexical differences between individual dialects and dialect groups as a whole. The modern Avar literary language was formed on the basis of the Khunzakh dialect.

Since the dialects of the northern dialect - eastern (Buinaksky, Gergebilsky and Levashinsky districts of Dagestan), Salatavsky (Kazbekovsky, Gumbetovsky and some other regions of Dagestan) and Khunzakh (Khunzakhsky and Untsukulsky districts of Dagestan) - are quite close to the literary norm (one can only point out the correspondence of the Khunz. , east at- salad. O; transition P < gee, loss of voiced b in intervocalic position; a tendency towards loss of class indicators in Khunzakh; the use of a finite form instead of a participle in a compound predicate in Salatav, etc.), only the features of the southern dialects will be noted here.

1. The Andalal dialect (Gunibsky district, Gergebilsky district; as well as the villages of Arkas and Manasaul, resettled in the mid-19th century to the Buinaksky region) unites ten dialects - Bukhtinsky, Rugudzhinsky, Kegersky, Kuyadinsky, Sogratlinsky, Obohsky, Gamsutlinsky, Khotoch-Hindakhsky, Kudalinsky, Chokhsky: ergative suffix -d, infinitive suffix -de, past participle suffix -mo and etc.
2. Antsukhi dialect (Tlyaratina region, includes Chadakolobsky, Tashsky, Antsrosunkhadinsky, Bukhnadinsky, Tomurinsky and Tlyanadinsky dialects): short aruptive-lateral kъI, voiced affricates dz And j, absence ts; class forms of the dative case: vehyassi-v-e I, vehyassi-b-e III “shepherd”; auxiliary verbs bachan(A), bokhӏa-n(A) and etc.; past tense suffixes -A (hӏva"died") and -ri (bek-ri"ploughed") The vocabulary contains a significant amount [ How many?] borrowings from the Azerbaijani language.
3. Batlukh dialect (Shamil region): absence of short sibilants ts, cI, c, h and long hissing h, sch, h̄I, short lateral l and velar affricate To; the affix of the indirect stem is more productive -al̄a-; suffix of indirect plural stem. numbers -d-; quotation particle -lo.
4. Gida dialect (Shamil region): none ts, ts, h, lI, x, To, Availability j, kI; ergative suffix -d; infinitive suffix -le; past tense suffixes -A, -O, -y; gerund suffix -mo; The ergative and nominative of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns coincide in the plural. number.
5. Zagatala dialect (Belokan and Zakatala regions of Azerbaijan; significantly influenced by the Azerbaijani language): palatalized kI', xx', T', tI', n’; voiced uvular affricate kg, corresponding to lit. g, as well as vowels s, ah, oh, yay in Turkic-Persian borrowings; absence of lateral and labialized ones; loss of III and IV series of localization; marking 1st person verb forms with a suffixal class indicator.
6. Karakh dialect (Charodinsky region): affricates kъI And j, absence lI; past tense suffix -ur, present -on, future -la .

Story

Famous Avar poets are: Zaid Gadzhiev, Rasul Gamzatov, Mashidat Gairbekova, Fazu Aliyeva, Adallo Ali, Mahmud from Kahab-Roso.

Among the fairly well-known works, the folk “Song of Khochbar” and the novel “Heroes in Fur Coats” by the writer Rajab Din-Magomayev should be noted.

Writing

Apparently, no later than the 15th century, Arabic writing penetrated into Avaria, but only in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. it has become widespread. The first version of the Avar writing system on a Cyrillic basis was created by P. K. Uslar in 1861 in Tiflis. In 1928, a decision was made to translate the Avar language into the Latin alphabet, and in 1938 a new alphabet on a Russian graphic basis was introduced.

A a	B b	In in	G g	G g g	Gee gee	GӀ gӀ	D d	Her	Her	F
Z z	And and	Thy	K k	K	Whoa	КӀ кӀ	L l	L'l'	Mm	N n
Oh oh	P p	R r	With with	T t	TӀ tӀ	U y	F f	X x	x x x	HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR
XӀ xӀ	Ts ts	TsӀ tsӀ	H h	ChӀ chӀ	Sh sh	sch sch	Kommersant	Uh uh	Yu Yu	I I

Linguistic characteristics

The structure of the Avar language is characterized by a complex system of consonants, the presence of nominal classes, numerous local cases, and ergative construction.

Phonetics and phonology

Consonant system of the Avar language

		Labial	Alveolar				Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
			Central		Lateral
			weak	strong	weak	strong	weak	strong	weak	strong	weak	strong
Nasals
Explosive	voiced
	deaf									kː
	abr.		tʼ						kʼ	kʼː
Africates	deaf		t͡s	t͡sː		t͡ɬː	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃː				q͡χː
	abr.		t͡sʼ	t͡sʼː		(t͡ɬʼː)	t͡ʃʼ	t͡ʃʼː				q͡χʼː
Fricatives	deaf			sː		ɬː		ʃː		xː		χː
	voiced
Approximant
Trembling

In the beginning and in the middle Avar words, a combination of consonants occurs only with sonorants m, n, r, l: shoulder"burka" qalbal"roots" anky"a week", imgIal"uncle". In borrowed words, the sequence of consonants is preserved: gIilla"cause", xIzha"argument, proof, box office, group."

IN Avar language there are seven types syllables(two types open and five types closed). An open syllable consists of: one vowel (G): A(imperative mood of the verb otherwise"go"), at"yes" (affirmative particle); from a consonant and a vowel (SG): koo"day", kyo"bridge". A closed syllable consists of a vowel and a consonant (GC): Oh"garden", ic"mol", from a vowel, a consonant and two consonants (SGSS) - as a rule, one of the last consonants (preceding) is sonorant ( m, n, l, r or th), For example: kwerk"frog", kick"blister", pagymu"memory"; from consonant, consonant, vowel, consonant (CCHS): experience, table. The first four types of syllables are the most common.

Types of roots:

1. Monosyllabic: G ( A- imperative mood from the verb “to go”; at"yes" - affirmative particle), SG ( bi"blood", tsIa"fire"), GS ( their"spring", Oh"garden"), GHS ( gIor"river", Chad"bread"), GSS ( anky"week"), SGSS ( kwerk"frog", kick"blister"), SGSS ( experience, table).
2. Disyllabic: SGSG ( ragIi"word", matIy"mirror"), GSGS ( pothole"short", alat"weapon"), GSS(G) ( urgy"thinking" unti"disease"), SGSGS ( lugIel"end", ragIad"shadow"), SGSSG ( sordo"night", proudly"window").

Roots with a large number of syllables are less common.

Accent in Avar language- varied and weaker than in Russian. In most cases, the stress is on the first or second syllable. It does not depend on the number of syllables in a word. In some cases, the meaning of a word changes from moving the emphasis, for example: ragIi"word" - paraIu"fodder, fodder." The stress also changes the grammatical meaning: cursed"wounds" (plural), scolded- genus. pad. from rugun"wound".

Basic phonetic patterns:

1. The alternation of vowels that occurs during word formation, inflection and morphology: a/n: buga"bull" - active. pad. bugitsa, a/u: khaala"fortress" - pl. h. hulbi, a/o: gIashtIi"axe" - active. pad. gIoshtIotsa, i/e: tirize"twist" - long. form Tereza, a/o: kyili"saddle" - active pad. kyolotsa, and/u: nalyi"debt" - active pad. nalutsa, e/a: beche"calf" - active. pad. bachica, e/u, keto"cat" - plural h. cutul, e/o: per"bow" - active pad. vice, f/n: xletle"leg" - active pad. xIatIitsa, u/o: nus"knife" - active pad. nosoca, u/e: tunkise"push" - long. form tenkeze, o/i: chohtIo"chokhto", women's headdress - active. pad. chakhtiitsa, o/a: gjolo"peas" - active pad. Gyalitsa.
2. Alternation of consonants (can occur both during formation and during inflection and word formation): m/n: gamachI"stone" - active pad. ganchitsa, tIamah"leaf" - active. pad. tIankhitsa, n/m: gIadan"man" - pl. h. gIadamal, charan"steel", "file" - active. pad. Charmitsa. Sometimes these sounds remain unchanged: xIama"donkey" - active. pad. xIamitsa, khanjar"dagger" - active. pad. honjrotsa.
3. Loss of vowels and consonants during formation and word formation: a) loss of vowels: BurutI"kid" - active. pad. BurtIitsa, kIIlikI"earring" - active pad. kIilkIitsa, homog"gutter" - active pad. gongitsa, carat"hole" - active pad. card, glaring"jug" - active pad. gIertIitsa; b) loss of consonants n, m, d, t: rehyen"herd" - pl. h. rehabi, busen"mattress" - gender. pad. busadul, khIaltIukhan"worker" - pl. h. khIaltIukhabi, lin"water" - gen. pad. ate, active pad. ladatsa, glatlid"spacious" - gIatIilyi"space" kebed"blacksmith" - kebelya"blacksmithing" shulat"strongly" - shulali"fortress".
4. A phenomenon reminiscent of synharmonism in Turkic languages ​​(the final vowel is likened to the root vowel): kyili"saddle" - active pad. kolotsa, kechI"song" - active pad. Kochiotsa, cer"fox" - active pad. Tsaratsa.
5. Frequent growth of a syllable or sound to the base of a word during inflection: rah"milk" - active pad. rah-da-tsa, motsI"month" - active. pad. motsI-ro-tsa, ber"eye" - active pad. be-zu-tsa, ots"bull" - active. pad. otz-o-tsa, AhImad- active pad. AhImad-i-tsa etc.
6. Labialization of most consonants: swak"fatigue", xvel"pretense" gwand"pit", square"hand".
7. Delabialization of consonants during formation and word formation: klvetl"lip" - plural h. kIutIbi, gvetI"tree" - pl. h. gutIbi, active pad. g'otIotsa, h'vek"Golden Eagle" - active. pad. khokotsa.
8. Stunning and voicing of consonants: bestal bestial"orphan", khaladab khaladab"long"

Morphology

Name noun The Avar language has the categories of class, number and case. Nouns in the Avar language fall into three classes. To the 1st grade. refers to the names of men, its indicator in the singular - V: bihyinchi"man", emen"father", you"son", "young man", outdated“master”, etc. To II grade. refer to the names of women, the class indicator in the singular - th: someone else's"woman", lady"wife", I'm with"daughter", "girl", yats"sister", ebel“mother”, etc. To III grade. include nouns denoting animals, objects, natural phenomena, etc. Regardless of animate and inanimate, the class indicator is b: gyoi"dog", hand"house", Oh"garden", chu"horse", etc. Plural indicators for all classes - r, l. In almost all parts of speech there are class indicators, living or fossilized: V ac"boy" is a noun; V acIana"came" g'a b una"did" - verb; lyikIa V "good", V itsata V "fat" is an adjective; V achIara V "who came" - participle; V achIun"having come" - gerund; g'a b "This", gye b "that" is a pronoun; kIigoya V "two", kIabile b "second" is a numeral; Jani b "inside", askIo b "close" is an adverb. Words with fossilized class indicators include: rag"war", Rokyi"Love", cerekad"day before yesterday". The predominant method of forming the plural in the Avar language is suffixal. Formative suffixes include the following: - score (ustarzabi"masters" teacherzabi"teachers"), - hall (Khurzal"fields" nugIhall"witnesses") - bi (kwerk"frog" - pl. h. kurkbi, dew"village" - plural h. Rosabi, poem"poem" - pl. h. poemabi, xIaltIukhan"worker" - pl. h. xIaltIuhhabi, lag"body" - plural h. Lugby) , -al (ber"eye" - plural, h. took, borokh"snake" - pl. h. borkhaal, satellite"satellite" - pl. h. satellite), -yal (bo"army" - pl. h. was afraid), -l (jo"thing" - plural h. sting), -st (hIetI"flea" - plural h. hIutIul), -blew (ketchI"song" - plural h. piled up), -And (hIinchIchI"bird" - plural h. xIancIchIi); -neither (tsIe"goat" - plural h. tsIani). There are also words where the plural is formed suppletive: milestones"shepherd" - pl. h. gIuhbi, strangers woman" - plural Ruchbi. In the Avar language, the number of cases reaches two dozen. Of these, the main ones include nominative, ergative, dative, genitive, and the rest are local. Local cases are grouped into five series of three cases each: rest (locative), direction (allative), removal (elative). Each series denotes some spatial relationship, namely: Series I - the position of the object on the surface: stolalda"on the table"; Series II - near the subject, at the subject: Vasasukh"son's"; III series - inside the subject, in the subject: salul"in sand"; IV series - under the subject: GanchIik borrowings from other languages ​​(especially from Arabic, Turkic, Persian and Russian).

• Words related to religion are borrowed from Arabic; abstract concepts; moral and ethical concepts; words related to relationships between people; socio-political and economic terms; designations of people by profession, occupation, etc.; vocabulary of science, art and education; quality-related characteristics; the name of clothing, home decorations and household utensils; vocabulary of flora and fauna; names of buildings and their parts; designations of inanimate natural phenomena, names of food products; names of body parts.

• Terms of kinship and designations of persons were borrowed from Turkic languages; designations of household utensils; musical instruments; tools, weapons; names of items of clothing, bedding, fabrics, jewelry; names of domestic and wild animals, as well as vocabulary of animal husbandry; names of vegetables, fruits, plants and food products; construction, agricultural and other terminology; designations of objects and phenomena of inanimate nature; abstract vocabulary.

• Words associated with the names of domestic and wild animals and their concepts were borrowed from the Persian language; names of plants; designations of persons; names of buildings; names of clothing items, household items, utensils, tools, etc.; names of food products, medicines, etc.

• The vocabulary of agricultural and industrial production was borrowed from the Russian language; administrative and business management vocabulary; socio-political vocabulary; vocabulary of culture, art, sports, science and education; name of clothing, household items, furniture, household and other equipment; transport terminology, health care terminology; food designations; designation of substances, building materials.
Knowledge. Understanding. Skill." - 2008. - No. 5 - Philology.

Dictionaries

• Avar-Russian dictionary. - Moscow, 1967.
• Russian-Avar dictionary. - Makhachkala, 1955.
• Avar-Russian dictionary. - Makhachkala, 2006. Gimbatova M. M. Contains 36,000 words.