South Africa is a colony of England from 1797 to 1961. South Africa ranks 24th in the world in terms of territory and 26th in terms of population. There are 11 official languages ​​in South Africa, but the vast majority of the population understands English. The majority of South Africans are Christian, but Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Protestant and Anglican churches are also present.

South Africa is the undisputed leader in gold reserves and gold mining in the world. However, gold production is gradually decreasing; in 2001, 500 tons of gold were mined, in tons.

Agriculture is highly intensive. Cereals, sugar cane, citrus fruits, cotton, corn, tobacco and other subtropical crops are grown. The share of agricultural products in South Africa's exports in 2001 was 10.6%, in %

South Africa has the densest network of railways and roads in Africa. The main seaports of Cape Town, Durban, and Port Elizabeth are the best equipped in Africa. The port of Richards Bay is used for the export of minerals; in terms of cargo turnover (86 million tons), it ranks 1st in Africa and 20th in the world.

Advantages: Africa's largest developed economy. Strong financial market to mobilize investments. Growing industrial production, equipped with modern infrastructure. Variety of resources. Disadvantages: political instability. Economic growth does not eliminate the poverty of the black majority. Black unemployment is rising at a rate of 2.5% per year (overall unemployment was 30% in 2004). Large costs to combat the AIDS epidemic. Outflow of labor, decline in gold prices.

Sectors of the economy% of GDP 1. Industrial production, including 31.1 Food industry 4.2 Tobacco production 1.8 Paper production 1.5 Petroleum products production 2.3 Artificial fiber production 2.1 Iron and steel 2.2 Non-ferrous metals 1.3 Mechanisms and equipment3.0 Vehicles4.3 2. Financial sector, insurance15.5 3. Trade and services11.4 4. Transportation and communications8.8 5. Mining industry7.7 6. Construction4.5 7. Agriculture3.1 8. Electric power industry, gas production2.4

Exports: mining (14%), gold and diamonds (13%), iron and steel (8%), vehicles (8%), machinery and equipment (8%), coal (6.5%). Import: chemical goods, heavy engineering, textile and leather products, some products. Main trading partners: Germany, USA, Japan, China, UK.

GDP in 2006 was $254.8 billion. At the end of 2007, South Africa's GDP ranked 25th in the world and amounted to 467.6 billion dollars and dollars per capita. (In Russia, GDP is 1.7 trillion dollars; and per capita)

Malysheva Olesya

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South African Republic Business card. S=1.2 million km 2 Population: 41.5 million people GNP – 135 billion dollars per capita – 3095 dollars. Part of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Historical past Located in the extreme south of the continent, the Republic of South Africa until 1961. was called the Union of South Africa and was part of the British Commonwealth with dominion rights. In a country with a complex racial and ethnic composition of the population, the policy of “separate development” of various racial groups continued for many years - the policy of apartheid, which actually amounted to the oppression of people with dark skin color by the white minority. The situation changed after the adoption of the 1993 and 1996 constitutions. and the first general elections, which were won by the African National Progress (ANC), which had long fought for the rights of the majority.

The geographical location of South Africa is located in southern Africa, bordering the republics of Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and the kingdom of Swaziland. In the northeast, inside the territory of South Africa, there is a kind of enclave - the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is washed by the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Natural features of South Africa The natural features of the country are determined by several factors: the terrain, which is generally mountainous in the east and south and plateau-like in the rest of the country; climate features, which, being subtropical in the main part of the country (which is a consequence of latitude), are highly differentiated (from humid subtropics in the southeast to semi-deserts and deserts in a number of inland and western regions).

At the same time, the climate is strongly influenced by the warm Mozambique Current in the east and the cold Benguela Current in the west. The mechanism by which these currents influence climate is well known to geographers. Changes in temperature and especially humidity in different regions of South Africa lead to great contrasts in vegetation cover. The mountainous southeast is covered with humid subtropical forests, the extreme southwest (regions of the Cape of Good Hope) is covered with Mediterranean vegetation (dry subtropics), the interior and western regions, as well as the north of the country, are subtropical and tropical (in the far north) steppes and woodlands , deserts and semi-deserts.

Reserves To protect the fauna in South Africa, national parks and reserves have been created. Currently, there are about 300 provincial reserves in the country, some of which have already celebrated their centenary. The country has 16 national parks and one protected lake.

Kruger National Park The Kruger National Park is world famous, where tourists can meet buffaloes, elephants, leopards, lions, rhinoceroses, which are called the “big five”.

The population of the country, ¾ of the population of South Africa are the indigenous Bantu inhabitants of Africa, speaking the Xhosa, Zulu, Communication, etc. languages. About 1/5 are descendants of settlers from Europe, mainly Afrikaners and the British, who fought fiercely among themselves during the Anglo-Boer War at the border 19th-20th centuries. The rest are mulattoes and other mestizos, which in South Africa are called “colored”, or clearings, as well as numerous immigrants from Hindustan. The remaining ethnic groups are relatively small.

South Africa population density

Natural resources South Africa ranks first in the foreign world in reserves and production of gold (Au), magnesium (Mg), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), vanadium (Va), platinum group metals; one of the first places in diamonds, uranium concentrates, asbestos, antimony, etc.

Mining and manufacturing The mining industry in South Africa contributes about 1/5 of GNP, but 2/3 of the value of exports. Moreover, these mineral raw materials are exported to more than 80 countries. The most important mining area is Witwatersrant, where gold and uranium are mined; diamonds in the Kimberley areas. D Beers is the largest transnational concern that owns diamond mining in South Africa and controls the world's diamond market.

Manufacturing industry South Africa's manufacturing industry accounts for about ¼ of gross domestic product: more than any other sector of the economy. It employs more than 1/10 of the economically active population. Light industry predominates, but the share of metallurgy, metalworking, and mechanical engineering is also large; the chemical industry and production of building materials are significant. In recent decades, the growth rates of these industries have been quite high. High technology industries also appeared - the military industry, the production of nuclear reactors - the “white elephants” of the South African industry. The share of agriculture and mining fell from 30% (1960) to 14% (1996).

Agriculture The commodity sector of South Africa's agriculture produces a large number of export products - wool, fruit, sugar; however, in general, the country’s food needs are not met by domestic production, and South Africa imports it.

The country has both irrigated and mainly rain-fed agriculture. In European farms, the most important grain crop is corn, in African farms it is sorghum. In the southeast, sugarcane is grown in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, located in the former historical region of Natal. Wheat, potatoes, peanuts, and fruits play an important role in agricultural production. Among African countries, South Africa ranks first in the production of marine fish.

Transport By African standards, South Africa has a developed transport network - railways, roads, and the first pipelines.

Ports play a major role in maritime transport: Durban and its suburbs - 1 million inhabitants.

Cape Town - about 2 million people

Port Elizabeth – 800 thousand people

East London

Dual nature The economy of South Africa is dual in nature. Along with the features typical of developed countries (a large share of the hired labor force, a large working class, a relatively high role in the manufacturing economy, etc.), South Africa is characterized by many features inherent in developing countries: the economic and technical backwardness of indigenous agriculture population, low standard of living of indigenous workers, great influence of foreign capital in the economy, large dependence of the economy on the foreign market, etc.

Paradoxes of Africa According to the current constitution, South Africa is divided into 9 provinces - Western Cape (Cape Town), Eastern Cape (Bisho), Northern Cape (Kimberley), Free State (Bloemfontein), KwaZulu-Natal, North Western Province (Mabata), Goteng (Johannesburg) ), Mpumalanga (Neletpruit), Northern Province (Petersburg).

Moreover, one of them (KwaZulu-Natal) provides for a monarchical form of government - a provincial monarchy within a republic! Another constitutional detail is also curious: Pretoria in the province of Goteng is the administrative capital of the state, Cape Town is the legislative capital, Bloom Fontaine (a free state or Free Province, where the Orange Free State was previously located - a legacy of the Boer War).

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