• Toponym (from the Greek “topos” - “place” and “onima” - “name”) is a geographical name.
• Russian historian of the 18th century. V.N. Tatishchev wrote that the Udmurts (formerly called Votyaks) perform their prayers “beside any good tree, but not near pine and spruce, which have no leaves or fruit, but aspen is revered as a cursed tree... ".

Looking at the geographical map of Russia, you can see that in the basins of the Middle Volga and Kama river names ending in “va” and “ga” are common: Sosva, Izva, Kokshaga, Vetluga, etc. Finno-Ugrians live in those places, and translated from their languages, “va” and “ha” mean “river”, “moisture”, “wet place”, “water”. However, Finno-Ugric place names are found not only where these peoples make up a significant part of the population and form republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much wider: it covers the European north of Russia and part of the central regions. There are many examples: the ancient Russian cities of Kostroma and Murom; the Yakhroma and Iksha rivers in the Moscow region; Verkola village in Arkhangelsk, etc.

Some researchers consider even such familiar words as “Moscow” and “Ryazan” to be Finno-Ugric in origin. Scientists believe that Finno-Ugric tribes once lived in these places, and now the memory of them is preserved by ancient names.

WHO ARE THE FINNO-UGRICS

Finns are the people who inhabit Finland, neighboring Russia (in Finnish “Suomi”), and Hungarians were called Ugrians in ancient Russian chronicles. But in Russia there are no Hungarians and very few Finns, but there are peoples who speak languages ​​related to Finnish or Hungarian. These peoples are called Finno-Ugric. Depending on the degree of similarity of languages, scientists divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups. The first, Baltic-Finnish, includes Finns, Izhorians, Vods, Vepsians, Karelians, Estonians and Livs. The two most numerous peoples of this subgroup - Finns and Estonians - live mainly outside our country. In Russia, Finns can be found in Karelia, the Leningrad region and St. Petersburg; Estonians - in Siberia, the Volga region and the Leningrad region. A small group of Estonians - Setos - lives in the Pechora district of the Pskov region. By religion, many Finns and Estonians are Protestants (usually Lutherans), while the Setos are Orthodox. The small Vepsian people live in small groups in Karelia, the Leningrad region and in the north-west of the Vologda region, and the Vod (there are less than 100 people left!) - in the Leningrad region. Both Vepsians and Vods are Orthodox. Izhora people also profess Orthodoxy. There are 449 of them in Russia (in the Leningrad region), and about the same number in Estonia. The Vepsians and Izhorians have preserved their languages ​​(they even have dialects) and use them in everyday communication. The Votic language has disappeared.

The largest Baltic-Finnish people in Russia are the Karelians. They live in the Republic of Karelia, as well as in the Tver, Leningrad, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In everyday life, Karelians speak three dialects: Karelian proper, Lyudikovsky and Livvikovsky, and their literary language is Finnish. Newspapers and magazines are published there, and the Department of Finnish Language and Literature operates at the Faculty of Philology of Petrozavodsk University. Karelians also speak Russian.

The second subgroup consists of the Sami, or Lapps. Most of them are settled in Northern Scandinavia, and in Russia the Sami are the inhabitants of the Kola Peninsula. According to most experts, the ancestors of this people once occupied a much larger territory, but over time they were pushed to the north. Then they lost their language and adopted one of the Finnish dialects. The Sami are good reindeer herders (in the recent past they were nomads), fishermen and hunters. In Russia they profess Orthodoxy.

The third, Volga-Finnish, subgroup includes the Mari and Mordovians. Mordovians are the indigenous population of the Republic of Mordovia, but a significant part of this people lives throughout Russia - in Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, in the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, etc. Even before the annexation in the 16th century. Mordovian lands to Russia, the Mordovians had their own nobility - “inyazory”, “otsyazory”, i.e. “owners of the land”. The Inyazors were the first to be baptized, quickly became Russified, and subsequently their descendants formed an element in the Russian nobility that was slightly smaller than those from the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. Mordva is divided into Erzya and Moksha; Each of the ethnographic groups has a written literary language - Erzya and Moksha. By religion, Mordovians are Orthodox; they have always been considered the most Christianized people of the Volga region.

The Mari live mainly in the Republic of Mari El, as well as in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. It is generally accepted that this people has two literary languages ​​- Meadow-Eastern and Mountain Mari. However, not all philologists share this opinion.

Even ethnographers of the 19th century. noted the unusually high level of national self-awareness of the Mari. They stubbornly resisted joining Russia and baptism, and until 1917 the authorities forbade them to live in cities and engage in crafts and trade.

The fourth, Perm, subgroup includes the Komi proper, Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts. The Komi (in the past they were called Zyryans) form the indigenous population of the Komi Republic, but also live in the Sverdlovsk, Murmansk, Omsk regions, in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs. Their original occupations are farming and hunting. But, unlike most other Finno-Ugric peoples, there have long been many merchants and entrepreneurs among them. Even before October 1917 Komi in terms of literacy (in Russian) approached the most educated peoples of Russia - Russian Germans and Jews. Today, 16.7% of Komi work in agriculture, but 44.5% work in industry, and 15% work in education, science, and culture. Part of the Komi - the Izhemtsy - mastered reindeer husbandry and became the largest reindeer herders in the European north. Komi Orthodox (partly Old Believers).

The Komi-Permyaks are very close in language to the Zyryans. More than half of these people live in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, and the rest live in the Perm region. Permians are mainly peasants and hunters, but throughout their history they were also factory serfs in the Ural factories, and barge haulers on the Kama and Volga. By religion, Komi-Permyaks are Orthodox.

The Udmurts are concentrated mostly in the Udmurt Republic, where they make up about 1/3 of the population. Small groups of Udmurts live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mari El, in the Perm, Kirov, Tyumen, and Sverdlovsk regions. The traditional occupation is agriculture. In cities, they most often forget their native language and customs. Perhaps this is why only 70% of Udmurts, mostly residents of rural areas, consider the Udmurt language as their native language. The Udmurts are Orthodox, but many of them (including baptized ones) adhere to traditional beliefs - they worship pagan gods, deities, and spirits.

The fifth, Ugric, subgroup includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. “Ugrians” in Russian chronicles called the Hungarians, and “Ugra” - the Ob Ugrians, i.e. Khanty and Mansi. Although the Northern Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob, where the Khanty and Mansi live, are located thousands of kilometers from the Danube, on the banks of which the Hungarians created their state, these peoples are closest relatives. The Khanty and Mansi are classified as small peoples of the North. The Mansi live mainly in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and the Khanty live in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Tomsk Region. The Mansi are primarily hunters, then fishermen and reindeer herders. The Khanty, on the contrary, are first fishermen, and then hunters and reindeer herders. Both profess Orthodoxy, but have not forgotten the ancient faith. The industrial development of their region caused great damage to the traditional culture of the Ob Ugrians: many hunting grounds disappeared and the rivers became polluted.

Old Russian chronicles preserved the names of Finno-Ugric tribes that have now disappeared - Chud, Merya, Muroma. Merya in the 1st millennium AD e. lived in the area between the Volga and Oka rivers, and at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia merged with the Eastern Slavs. There is an assumption that modern Mari are descendants of this tribe. Murom in the 1st millennium BC. e. lived in the Oka basin, and by the 12th century. n. e. mixed with the Eastern Slavs. Modern researchers consider the Finnish tribes who lived in ancient times along the banks of the Onega and Northern Dvina to be a miracle. It is possible that they are the ancestors of the Estonians.

WHERE THE FINNO-UGRICS LIVED AND WHERE THE FINNO-UGRIANS LIVE

Most researchers agree that the ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples was on the border of Europe and Asia, in the areas between the Volga and Kama and in the Urals. It was there in the IV-III millennia BC. e. A community of tribes arose, related in language and similar in origin. To the 1st millennium AD e. the ancient Finno-Ugrians settled as far as the Baltic states and Northern Scandinavia. They occupied a vast territory covered with forests - almost the entire northern part of what is now European Russia to the Kama River in the south.

Excavations show that the ancient Finno-Ugrians belonged to the Ural race: their appearance mixed Caucasian and Mongoloid features (wide cheekbones, often a Mongolian eye shape). Moving west, they mixed with Caucasians. As a result, among some peoples descended from the ancient Finno-Ugrians, Mongoloid features began to smooth out and disappear. Nowadays, “Uralic” features are characteristic to one degree or another of all the Finnish peoples of Russia: average height, wide face, nose, called “snub-nosed,” very blond hair, sparse beard. But in different peoples these features manifest themselves in different ways. For example, the Mordovians-Erzya are tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed, while the Mordovians-Moksha are shorter, have a wider face, and have darker hair. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, very wide cheekbones, and a thin beard. But at the same time (the Ural race!) has blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians, Vodians, Izhorians, and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, they have black hair and braids; others are more Scandinavian-like, with a slightly wider face.

The Finno-Ugrians were engaged in agriculture (to fertilize the soil with ash, they burned out areas of the forest), hunting and fishing. Their settlements were far from each other. Perhaps for this reason they did not create states anywhere and began to be part of neighboring organized and constantly expanding powers. Some of the first mentions of the Finno-Ugrians contain Khazar documents written in Hebrew, the state language of the Khazar Kaganate. Alas, there are almost no vowels in it, so one can only guess that “tsrms” means “Cheremis-Mari”, and “mkshkh” means “moksha”. Later, the Finno-Ugrians also paid tribute to the Bulgars and were part of the Kazan Khanate and the Russian state.

RUSSIANS AND FINNO-UGRICS

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Russian settlers rushed to the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Most often, settlement was peaceful, but sometimes indigenous peoples resisted the entry of their region into the Russian state. The Mari showed the most fierce resistance.

Over time, baptism, writing, and urban culture brought by the Russians began to displace local languages ​​and beliefs. Many began to feel like Russians - and actually became them. Sometimes it was enough to be baptized for this. The peasants of one Mordovian village wrote in a petition: “Our ancestors, the former Mordovians,” sincerely believing that only their ancestors, pagans, were Mordovians, and their Orthodox descendants are in no way related to the Mordovians.

People moved to cities, went far away - to Siberia, to Altai, where everyone had one language in common - Russian. The names after baptism were no different from ordinary Russian ones. Or almost nothing: not everyone notices that there is nothing Slavic in surnames like Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyasheva, but they go back to the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Veden Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. Thus, a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Russians, and some, having converted to Islam, mixed with the Turks. That is why Finno-Ugric peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere - even in the republics to which they gave their name.

But, having disappeared into the mass of Russians, the Finno-Ugrians retained their anthropological type: very blond hair, blue eyes, a “bubble” nose, and a wide, high-cheekboned face. The type that writers of the 19th century. called the “Penza peasant”, is now perceived as typically Russian.

Many Finno-Ugric words have entered the Russian language: “tundra”, “sprat”, “herring”, etc. Is there a more Russian and beloved dish than dumplings? Meanwhile, this word is borrowed from the Komi language and means “bread ear”: “pel” is “ear”, and “nyan” is “bread”. There are especially many borrowings in northern dialects, mainly among the names of natural phenomena or landscape elements. They add a unique beauty to local speech and regional literature. Take, for example, the word “taibola”, which in the Arkhangelsk region is used to call a dense forest, and in the Mezen River basin - a road running along the seashore next to the taiga. It is taken from the Karelian "taibale" - "isthmus". For centuries, peoples living nearby have always enriched each other's language and culture.

Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum were Finno-Ugrians by origin - both Mordvins, but irreconcilable enemies; Udmurt - physiologist V. M. Bekhterev, Komi - sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, Mordvin - sculptor S. Nefedov-Erzya, who took the name of the people as his pseudonym; Mari composer A. Ya. Eshpai.

Who are the Finno-Ugrians?

Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric. Finns are the people of Finland, Ugrians are Hungarians (according to ancient Russian chronicles).

Currently, scientists subdivide f.-ug. into five subgroups:

1) Baltic-Finnish;

2) Sami, or Lapps;

3) Volga-Finnish;

4) Permian;

5) Ugric.

Part f.-ug. tribes has not survived to this day. According to ancient Russian chronicles to the f.-ug. belonged Chud, Merya, Muroma. The Merya tribe, which lived in the interfluve of the Volga and Oka rivers, at the turn of the 1st - 2nd millennium became part of the tribes of the Eastern Slavs. There is a hypothesis that the descendants of Mary are Mari. Murom tribe in the 1st millennium BC. e. located in the river basin. Oka, but by the 12th century. n. e. merged with the Eastern Slavs. The Chud tribe is associated with the Finnish tribes that lived in ancient times along the banks of the Onega and Northern Dvina.

Where did the f.-ugs come from? tribes

A significant number of scientists call the ancestral home of f.-ug. - this is the border of Europe and Asia, the areas between the Volga and Kama, the Urals. It was here in the IV - III millennium BC. e. a tribal community appeared, related in language and close to them in origin. By the 1st millennium AD e. f.-ug. occupied a large territory - the northern part of European Russia to the river. Kama in the south.

Archaeological excavations indicate the affiliation of the f.-ug. to the Ural race (a mixture of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features).

F.-ang. tribes and Russians

The first information about f.-ug. found in Russian chronicles of the second half of the 9th - 10th centuries. Chroniclers talk about such tribes as Chud, Merya, Ves, Muroma, Cheremis, Mordovians.

From the sources it follows that the main activities of the f.-ug. there was gathering, hunting, fishing, farming. The settlements were located far from each other.

Long time f.-ug. the tribes paid tribute to the Bulgar khans and were part of the Kazan Khanate and Rus'. In the XVI - XVIII centuries. on the lands of the f.-ug. immigrants appeared from various regions of Rus'. Despite the resistance of local tribes, the most serious of which was the Mari, gradually the newcomers began to displace the traditions of the French-Ug. Assimilation intensified due to the resettlement of the f.-ug. to various regions of Russia.

F.-ang. Now

There are about 25 million representatives of the f.-ug. The largest group is the Hungarians (more than 15 million). There are fewer Finns (about 6 million), Estonians (about 1 million). The remaining nationalities of this group are very few in number: Mordovians (843 thousand), Udmurts (637 thousand), Mari (614 thousand), Ingrians (about 30 thousand), Kvens (about 60 thousand), Vyr (74 thousand) , setu (10 thousand). The smallest numbers are Livs (400 people), Vods (100 people).

F.-ang. languages

In ancient times, f.-ug. spoke a single f.-ug. language. With the division of the group into tribes and their distance, the language changed. F.-ang. Finns, Hungarians, Estonians and other peoples have preserved their languages.

F.-ang. culture

Most of the cultural monuments of the f.-ug. found in the territory inhabited by the ethnic group. These are mainly monuments from the beginning of our era and the early Middle Ages. Many peoples have preserved their culture, traditions and customs until today. This is manifested in their rituals, dances, national clothes and everyday life.

Religion f.-ug.

The vast majority of f.-ug. - Orthodox. In the 12th century. Vepsians were baptized in the 13th century. - Karelians, at the end of the 14th century. - Komi To translate the Holy Scriptures into the Komi language, Permian writing arose - the only original linguistic language. alphabet. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. Mordovians, Udmurts and Mari became Orthodox; dual faith remained among the Mari, Udmurts, Sami and some other peoples.

Finns, Estonians and Western Sami are Lutherans, Hungarians are Catholics. The Udmurts and Mari preserved their ancient religion.

, ), Mor-Dov-skaya (Mord-va - er-zya and Mok-sha), Ma-riy-skaya (Ma-ri-tsy), Perm-skaya (ud-mur-ty, ko-mi, ko -mi-per-mya-ki), Ugric (Ug-ry - Hung-ry, Khan-ty and Man-si). Number of approx. 24 million people (2016, est.).

Great-ro-di-na F.-u., in-vi-di-mo-mu, was in the zone of forests of the West. Si-bi-ri, Ura-la and Pre-du-ra-lya (from the Middle Ob to the Lower Kama) in the 4th - middle. 3rd millennium BC e. Their ancient activities were hunting, river fishing, and so-bi-ra-tel-st. According to Lin-gwis-ti-ki, F.-u. did you have any contact with sa-mo-diy-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi And tun-gu-so-man-chur-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi, in the south as mi-ni-mum from the beginning. 3rd thousand - from India to Iran. na-ro-da-mi (aria-mi), on za-pa-de - with pa-leo-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi (from their languages ​​the sub-strata traces in Western Finno-Ugric languages), from the 2nd half. 3rd thousand - with the na-ro-da-mi, close-ki-mi to the ancestors of the Germans, Bal-tov and Slavs (pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi shnu-ro-voy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tur-no-is-to-ri-che-society). From the 1st half. 2nd thousand in progress with the Aryans in the south and from central Europe. in-do-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi on the za-pas-de F.-u. I am familiar with the water-stuff and then with the land. In the 2nd-1st thousand, the spread of Finnish-Ugric languages ​​to the west - to the North-East. Pri-bal-ti-ki, North. and Center. Scan-di-na-vii (see. Set-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tu-ra , Anan-in-skaya kul-tu-ra) and you-de-le-nie Baltic-Finnish languages And Sami languages. From the 2nd half. 1st millennium BC e. in the CBC and from the 2nd half. 1st millennium AD e. in Vol-go-Ura-lye there is no connection between you and the Turks. To the most ancient letters. upo-mi-na-ni-yam F.-u. from-no-syat Fenni in “Germany” Ta-tsi-ta (98 AD). From the end 1st thousand on the development of a number of Finnish-Ugric peoples there was a significant influence of their inclusion in composition of the Middle Ages. states ( Volzh-sko-Kamskaya Bul-garia, Ancient Rus', Sweden). According to the data given by the Middle Ages. letters is-exactly-ni-kov and that-by-ni-mi, F.-u. back in the beginning 2nd millennium AD e. co-sta-la-whether basic. in the northern forest and tun-d-ro-voy zone East. Euro-py and Scan-di-na-vii, but there were then in the meaning. me-re as-si-mi-li-ro-va-ny germ-man-tsa-mi, sla-vya-na-mi (before all the me-rya; perhaps, mu-ro-ma, me-sche-ra, za-vo-loch-skaya, etc.) and tur-ka-mi.

For the spiritual culture of F.-u. were there any cults of the spirits of the nature. It’s possible that ideas about the highest heavenly god have taken shape. Question about the presence of element-men-tov sha-ma-niz-ma dis-kus-sio-nen. From the beginning 2nd thousand. Europe in Christianity (Hungarians in 1001, Ka-re-lys and Finns in the 12-14th centuries, Komi in the late 14th century) and times -vi-tion of writings in Finnish-Ugric languages. At the same time, a number of Finnish-Ugric groups (especially among the Mari and Ud-murts of Bashki-ria and Ta-tar-sta-na) until the 21st century. maintains its communal religion, although it has been subject to Christian influence. Pri-nya-tie is-la-ma F.-u. in Po-Vol-zhye and Si-bi-ri by-st-ro pri-vo-di-lo to their as-si-mi-la-tion ta-ta-ra-mi, for this mu- sulm. communities among the F.-u. Hardly ever.

In the 19th century for-mi-ru-et-sya between-zh-du-nar. Finnish-Ugric movement, in which the traits of the pan-Finnish-but-Ugric-riz-ma appear.

Lit.: Basics of the Finnish-Ugric language: Questions about the development and development of Finnish -Ugric languages. M., 1974; Hai-du P. Ural languages ​​and peoples. M., 1985; Na-Polish V.V. Introduction to the history of ura-li-sti-ku. Izhevsk, 1997.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugrians) - a linguistic community of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages, living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

Finno-Ugric peoples are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. In Russia alone there live 17 peoples of Finno-Ugric origin. The Finnish Kalevala inspired Tolkien, and Izhora fairy tales inspired Alexander Pushkin.

Who are the Finno-Ugrians?

Finno-Ugrians are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. It includes 24 nations, 17 of which live in Russia. The Sami, Ingrian Finns and Seto live both in Russia and abroad.
Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric. Their total number today is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, there are about 19 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about a million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordovians, 647 thousand Udmurts and 604 thousand Mari.

Where do Finno-Ugric people live in Russia?

Taking into account the current labor migration, we can say that everywhere, however, the most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics in Russia. These are peoples such as Mordovians, Udmurts, Karelians and Mari. There are also autonomous okrugs of the Khanty, Mansi and Nenets.

The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, where Komi-Permyaks were in the majority, was united with the Perm region into the Perm Territory. The Finno-Ugric Vepsians in Karelia have their own national volost. Ingrian Finns, Izhoras and Selkups do not have an autonomous territory.

Is Moscow a Finno-Ugric name?

According to one hypothesis, the oikonym Moscow is of Finno-Ugric origin. From the Komi language “mosk”, “moska” is translated into Russian as “cow, heifer”, and “va” is translated as “water”, “river”. Moscow in this case is translated as “cow river”. The popularity of this hypothesis was brought by its support by Klyuchevsky.

Russian historian of the 19th-20th centuries Stefan Kuznetsov also believed that the word “Moscow” was of Finno-Ugric origin, but assumed that it came from the Meryan words “mask” (bear) and “ava” (mother, female). According to this version, the word “Moscow” is translated as “bear”.
Today, these versions, however, are refuted, since they do not take into account the ancient form of the oikonym “Moscow”. Stefan Kuznetsov used data from the Erzya and Mari languages; the word “mask” appeared in the Mari language only in the 14th-15th centuries.

Such different Finno-Ugrians

The Finno-Ugric peoples are far from homogeneous, either linguistically or anthropologically. Based on language, they are divided into several subgroups. The Permian-Finnish subgroup includes the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. The Volga-Finnish group is the Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and the Mari. The Balto-Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, Vods, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. Also, the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.

The peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. The rest of these traits are either equally divided, or the Caucasoid component dominates.

What do haplogroups say?

Genetic studies show that every second Russian Y chromosome belongs to haplogroup R1a. It is characteristic of all Baltic and Slavic peoples (except for the southern Slavs and northern Russians).

However, among the inhabitants of the North of Russia, haplogroup N3, characteristic of the Finnish group of peoples, is clearly represented. In the very north of Russia, its percentage reaches 35 (the Finns have an average of 40 percent), but the further south you go, the lower this percentage is. In Western Siberia, the related N3 haplogroup N2 is also common. This suggests that in the Russian North there was not a mixing of peoples, but a transition of the local Finno-Ugric population to the Russian language and Orthodox culture.

What fairy tales were read to us?

The famous Arina Rodionovna, Pushkin’s nanny, is known to have had a strong influence on the poet. It is noteworthy that she was of Finno-Ugric origin. She was born in the village of Lampovo in Ingria.
This explains a lot in understanding Pushkin's fairy tales. We have known them since childhood and believe that they are originally Russian, but their analysis suggests that the plot lines of some of Pushkin’s fairy tales go back to Finno-Ugric folklore. For example, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” is based on the fairy tale “Wonderful Children” from the Vepsian tradition (Vepsians are a small Finno-Ugric people).

Pushkin's first major work, the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". One of its main characters is Elder Finn, a wizard and sorcerer. The name, as they say, speaks volumes. Philologist Tatyana Tikhmeneva, compiler of the book “The Finnish Album,” also noted that the connection of the Finns with witchcraft and clairvoyance was recognized by all nations. The Finns themselves recognized the ability for magic as superior to strength and courage and revered it as wisdom. It is no coincidence that the main character of Kalevala, Väinemöinen, is not a warrior, but a prophet and poet.

Naina, another character in the poem, also bears traces of Finno-Ugric influence. In Finnish, woman is "nainen".
Another interesting fact. Pushkin, in a letter to Delvig in 1828, wrote: “By the new year, I will probably return to you in Chukhlyandia.” This is what Pushkin called St. Petersburg, obviously recognizing the primordial Finno-Ugric peoples on this land.

). This time we will talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages ​​is part of the Uralic language family, another branch of which is the Samoyed languages ​​(currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
Finno-Ugric languages ​​are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The Finno-Permian group includes the following peoples: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people actually represent two different peoples: Erzyans and Mokshans), Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks. The Ugric group includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. There are several Finno-Ugric national autonomies in Russia, but in all of them the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). The second largest population is occupied by Finns (6.5 million), third by Estonians (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, from where the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled throughout Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugrians influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence was especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not accurately reproduce the common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, also notice some foreign admixture: namely, the cheekbones of the Great Russian, the predominance of dark complexion and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a wide base, with they are highly likely to bet on Finnish influence".

The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvelä. She is known as the face of the Finnish cosmetics company Lumene. Height 180 cm, body measurements 86-60-87.

The most beautiful Ingrian- Russian actress, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo village, Leningrad region).

The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. Born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, her mother is Finnish.

The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. Despite her German surname (she inherited it from her German great-grandfather), Catherine Schell is almost entirely Hungarian by blood; her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father bore the title of baron, and her mother a countess.

The most famous films with her participation: the 6th Bond film “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” (1969, role of Nancy), “Moon 02” (1969, role of Clementine), “Return of the Pink Panther” (1975, role of Lady Claudine Lytton) . In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the 1970s sci-fi series Space: 1999.

Catherine Schell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):

The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.

The most beautiful mokshaka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in parallel bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview he calls himself a Mordovian: “My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian.”

The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - track and field athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time Russian champion.

The most beautiful Komi-Permyachka - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion of Turin paired with Maxim Marinin. The same couple won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.

The most beautiful Udmurtka- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt-language rock band Silent Woo Goore.

The most beautiful Karelian - Maria Kalinina. Winner of the contest "Miss Student Finno-Ugria 2015".