Hello dear readers. In this article we will talk about what the inner world of a person is. You will become aware of what is meant by this concept. Find out what components it includes. Let's look at the features.

Definition of the concept

The inner world is a set of imaginative thinking, qualities of human character, moral principles, worldview, life values ​​and positions, along with phobias and stereotypes. The inner world of people is multifaceted and is the result of the spiritual work of individuals.

When we talk about a rich inner world, we mean that a person is in harmony with herself and with the people around her, as well as with nature. This person lives consciously, she does not go with the flow. Such an individual distributes his happiness to other people, giving it free of charge. A person is satisfied with his life, he consciously develops in all areas

Its components

The inner world of an individual must be guided by certain values.

1. Responsibility. Is the ability of an individual to keep behavior under control in accordance with accepted norms. Such a person can be responsible for his actions, both to himself and to other people. A responsible person respects rights and moral principles. Such an individual independently determines social responsibilities for himself, their implementation, and evaluates his actions. When a person begins to admit his own mistakes, other people begin to respect him. If an individual wants to avoid answering for his misdeeds, this indicates his poor inner world.
2. Independence. The ability to rely on one’s own strengths, both intellectual, physical and spiritual, when making important decisions. An independent individual will not be influenced by someone else's opinion or someone else's assessment. Such a person can withstand external pressure. He ponders the problems that arise in his path, determines the correct pattern of behavior and follows it in accordance with his conscience.
3. Morality. An individual’s acceptance or refusal to accept the values ​​that exist in a particular society, standards and norms of relationships. Maintaining the rules and following them forms a moral personality, disobedience and denial - an immoral one. The main factor that influences an individual’s morality is a feeling of shame, the experience of particular dissatisfaction with oneself.
4. Honor is how a person is assessed by others. It determines how people treat a particular individual. The assessment is based on the honesty of the obligations fulfilled.
5. Dignity. The way a person evaluates himself, realizes his valuable qualities, type of worldview, and abilities.
6. Will. Allows a person to make decisions and take responsibility for them. He himself determines what his life should be. Will allows you to actively resist basic instincts and determines human development. For example, when a person has a strong feeling of hunger, he will not commit murder or theft, but will try to find a job where he can earn food with his labor.
7. Emotions are strong feelings, both positive and negative, about a certain situation. They can replace each other in a short period of time. There is confidence that female representatives are more emotional than male representatives, and accordingly their inner world of women is deeper.
8. Feelings are reactions that give rise to emotions. A condition that undergoes little change.
9. Mind, the need for spiritual and physical development.
10. Worldview. It is a set of certain statements that have been formed throughout life, rules and its own laws. It may change as you grow older, but usually only slightly.

Peculiarities

1. The outer world influences the inner one. It can be changed by any chance. For example, an embittered person who grew up in cruel conditions is fully confident that the whole world that surrounds him is cruel. However, after a random passer-by helps him with some problem, or maybe even with a vital issue, this individual’s views suddenly change. He himself begins to help people, even though he had never behaved like this before.
2. The inner world can strive for self-regulation, stability and stereotyping.
3. It develops over time (to get to the future from the past, you need to go through the present).
4. Changes in the inner world are irreversible. So, if a person experienced betrayal, then this event left its imprint in memory. This experience will not be erased from memories, but the person will definitely decide how to live further.

Examples

1. The inner world of an individual can be viewed not only by communicating with him personally. So, for example, when evaluating the paintings of a famous artist, we can determine what was in his soul, in particular, by how the strokes were applied and what colors were used.
2. Famous musicians, creating their musical creations, also show their deep inner world. That is why there are artists whom we want to listen to, who give positive energy, charge, and those whom we do not notice.
3. An example of a rich inner world is a child who in his subconscious decided that he would be a superhero and begin to help people. When he grew up and began helping those in need, his goal grew into his calling.

How to develop inner peace

1. Spend a lot of time outdoors, travel, go on trips out of town, visit new unexplored places.
2. Pay attention to proper nutrition. As they say, a healthy mind in a healthy body.
3. Read a lot of fiction, also get involved in spiritual books.
4. Take up Eastern practices, for example, yoga, meditation. They will best help you reveal yourself and your inner world.
5. Communicate with smart, kind individuals who value everyone's life and existence.
6. Learn to thank the people around you, God, who gives you every happy day. Enjoy your life.

Now you know how to reveal your inner world. As you can see, anyone can do this. The main thing is to choose the right levers and pay attention to your strengths. It is unacceptable to withdraw into yourself and lose your individuality.

Hello, dear readers! How rich do you consider yourself spiritually? What does this depend on and how to develop in this direction? Today I would like to answer the question: what is the inner world of a person? Tell us what we are filled with, how to grow and improve, and what the inner strength of each person is.

If you want to plunge deeper into the concept of the inner world of a person, then you cannot do without Sergei Belozerov’s book “ Organization of the inner world of man and society" In it you can find both theoretical material and visual examples, exercises and various techniques.

Magic box

The inner world of a person can be described as a unique magic box. Everything that we see, feel, experience, and take in as experience, all this constitutes our inner filling. This is an individual experience for each person.

Philosophers, psychologists and sociologists do not have a consensus on this matter. Some people believe that we are full right from birth. Others believe that a person is fulfilled throughout his life and acquires uniqueness only with experience.

I'll stop somewhere in the middle. Of course, one cannot argue with the fact that much is given to us at birth. For example, the external environment. Agree that an Arab sheikh will be very different in his inner world from an Indonesian boy.
Therefore, we can say that from birth we simply come across different conditions in which we grow, live and develop. But what a person further fills his world with is his purely personal matter.

Someone has a brighter and richer inner world. The other, on the contrary, has a narrow, gray and monotonous content. Only your own choice is fundamental to your content. What you want to fill yourself with, how persistent you will be, how much new things you will learn, only this determines whether you will become a person with a rich and amazing inner world.

If now it seems to you that your inner world is not so rich

This matter is fixable. The main thing is your desire to change, develop, become more experienced.
Every situation in life offers you an experience that you can put into your magic box. Accumulate, build up, absorb everything like a sponge. After all, it is difficult to predict what kind of experience you will need in .

And when you realize that you are ready, then start giving. Feel free to share information, ideas, stories. Then and only then will your strength increase many times over and you will see what a person is capable of.

I would like to bring to your attention a plan of action. Of course, it is not universal; you can throw something out or add something at your own discretion, act in a different order.

First, do some self-analysis. Do some digging within yourself. Find out your attitudes, understand your motivation. Next, try to arrange your life . Maybe now you are doing something superfluous or unnecessary for you to achieve your ultimate goal?

After this, think about the bad programs that can last from childhood. Become free to choose. Act according to your own discretion, and not according to the beliefs of other people.

Once you get rid of everything unnecessary, you can build a new model of behavior. This item can be called search. And in the end, start moving in the direction you chose.

What is inner peace for you? How can you study it? How can it be filled? Give an example of a person with a rich inner world. What is its feature?

I wish you good luck and every success.
Best wishes!

Man in the world and the world in man. Character, abilities and roles are not a personality. More precisely, they can be included (and usually are included) in personality in its broad sense, but personality in a narrow, more precise sense, what its essence is, is something else.

Personality is something that is inherent only to man, which distinguishes him from animals. What is inherent only to man and at the same time to every person is his inner world. The inner world is not just an image of the outer; Animals, even lower animals, have this image. The inner world has its own specific content, its own laws of formation and development, which are largely (though not completely) independent of the external world.

Let's start with what gives a person the possession of an inner world. The behavior of animals is determined by two series of factors: external stimuli that cause automatic instinctive or lifetime formed reactions, and internal states of tension of certain needs, on which the animal’s readiness for certain forms of behavior and to respond to certain stimuli depends. The interaction of these two series can sometimes give rise to very complex mechanisms for determining behavior, but this behavior always turns out to be subject to only one logic - the logic of satisfying actual needs.

Human behavior is also often subject to precisely this logic and comes down to responding to incentives and satisfying immediate motives. At the same time, all human behavior cannot be reduced to just this. As Hegel accurately noted, circumstances and motives dominate a person only when he himself allows them to do so. American psychologist Salvatore Maddi identifies three groups of human needs. Two of them are quite traditional and are distinguished by most psychologists - these are biological and social needs, and the third group of needs is psychological.

Muddy describes two types of personality development, depending on which needs come to the fore in the individual. In one case, a person’s biological and social needs completely dominate, while psychological ones are very weak. In this case, a person perceives himself as nothing more than the embodiment of a set of biological needs and social roles and behaves in accordance with them, that is, in accordance with the logic that I above called the logic of satisfying actual needs. Muddy calls this path of personality development conformist. With another - individualistic - path of personality development, psychological needs occupy a dominant position and this plays a key role in changing the entire logic of behavior. A person goes beyond biological needs and social roles, overcomes the situational nature of his behavior precisely thanks to judgment, imagination and symbolization. With their help, he builds not only a picture of the world as it is, but also a picture of the desired world and pictures of other possible worlds; he connects in his consciousness the current situation with many other circumstances that are not directly present in it, including its remote causes and consequences, he acquires the integrity of the picture of the world in a time perspective, becomes able to plan his future actions and evaluate the meaning of any of his actions or external circumstances in the context not of a momentary situation, but of your entire life, and sometimes in a broader context.

The outstanding psychologist of our time, Viktor Frankl, wrote that an animal is not a person because for an animal there is no world lying in front of it; For the animal there is only the environment. On the contrary, a person lives precisely not in an environment, but in a world with which he builds relationships with the help of his inner world on the basis of the logic of vital necessity - a logic in the light of which every action or circumstance appears as having a certain meaning in the context of the person’s entire life, in other words, a specific place and role.

The inner world is not a set of esoteric entities that have nothing in common with the outer world. The inner world includes a uniquely refracted and generalized external reality, colored by the meaning that it has for a person. What are its main components? Of course, not the objects, phenomena and generalized categories of external, objective reality themselves. And not the mental mechanisms responsible for their refraction in human consciousness.

Main componentsthe inner world of man are inherent onlyhim and arising from his unique personal experienceand stable meanings of significant objects and phenomena,reflecting his attitude towards them, as well as personalvalues ​​that are, along with needs,sources of these meanings. Therefore, in psychology they sometimes use the concept “the value-semantic sphere of personalness" to denote what in everyday language is called the inner world of man.

Where does the meaning begin: needs andvalues. The sources of meaning that determine what is significant for a person and what is not, and why, what place certain objects or phenomena occupy in his life, are the needs and personal values ​​of a person. Both occupy the same place in the structure of human motivation and in the structure of the generation of meanings: those objects, phenomena or actions that are related to the realization of any of his needs or personal values ​​acquire meaning for a person. These meanings are individual, which follows not only from the discrepancy between the needs and values ​​of different people, but also from the uniqueness of individual ways of realizing them.

Take for example the aggressive actions of a hooligan, which many lawyers have classified as “unmotivated” crimes. Psychological analysis shows that behind them there are real motives and needs, in particular, the need for self-affirmation, which is inherent to one degree or another in all people. However, for different people, the realization of this need is achieved in different ways: for some - through creative achievements, for others - through enrichment, for others - through success with the opposite sex, for others - through a career, and only for some - through violence, physical suppression of others of people. Unlike most people, for hooligans (and some politicians), the humiliation and physical suppression of other people has the meaning of self-affirmation, the origins of which lie in the unfavorable conditions in which their personality was formed.

But, putting needs at the forefront, we make the inner world of the individual completely dependent on the external world in which he lives and acts. Such dependence exists, but besides this, the personality has a certain fulcrum that allows it to take an independent position in relation to the outside world and all its demands. This fulcrum is formed by personal values.

Personal values ​​connect the inner world of an individual with the life of society and individual social groups. Any social group - from an individual family to humanity as a whole - is characterized by a focus on certain common values ​​- ideal ideas about what is good, desirable, and proper, summarizing the experience of the joint life of all members of the group. Each group has its own set of values; they can overlap to a greater or lesser extent - from complete coincidence to complete discrepancy. By assimilating from others the views of something as a value, a person embeds in himself new regulators of behavior independent of needs. Of course, an individual does not automatically absorb all the values ​​of even those social groups of which he is a member. The transformation of a social value into a personal one is possible only when a person, together with the group, is involved in the practical implementation of this common value, feeling it as his own. Then a personal value arises and takes root in the structure of the personality - an ideal idea of ​​what should be, setting the direction of life and acting as a source of meaning. A formal attitude towards social values ​​does not lead to their transformation into personal ones.

Needs and personal values ​​enter the inner world of a person in completely different guises. Needs are reflected in the inner world in the form of desires and aspirations emanating from the Self, more or less arbitrary and therefore random. Personal values, on the contrary, are reflected in him in the form of ideals - images of perfect traits or desirable circumstances, which are experienced as something objective, independent of the Self. For example, a man’s attraction to a woman or vice versa, on the one hand, and admiration for her (his) beauty or other advantages, on the other hand, differ precisely in that its (his) meaning in the first case is colored by desire and generated by momentary needs, and in the second - colored by certain ideals (beauty, goodness, perfection, etc.) and generated by personal values. Unlike needs, personal values, firstly, are not limited to a given moment, a given situation, secondly, they do not attract a person to something from within, but attract him from the outside, and thirdly, they are not selfish, they add an element to assessments objectivity, since any value is experienced as something that unites me with other people. Of course, this objectivity is relative, because even the most generally accepted values, becoming part of the inner world of a particular person, are transformed and acquire their own distinctive characteristics.

Relationship. Stable relationships are another important element of inner peace. Relationships characterize precisely the specific meaning that individual objects, phenomena, people and their classes have for a person. If the number of values ​​that are significant for an individual can be measured at best in two to three dozen, then the number of specific relationships that form the semantic wealth of an individual can be practically limitless. The more of them there are, the more things in the world that a person cares about. Perhaps, of all the psychological structures in which meanings that are significant to a person are embodied in one way or another, relationships are the most visual, visible to the naked eye even to an inexperienced observer. The direct connection of relationships with the main thing in a person is captured by folk wisdom: “Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are.”

The source of relationships is, as a rule, individual experience, and the highest authorities that determine the meaning for us of certain people, things and events are our needs and values. For example, if someone begins to denigrate what is dear to us, or prevents us from carrying out the actions we have planned and thereby realizing our needs, then we develop a dislike for this person, which is subsequently difficult to overcome. Because the task of navigating a complex world requires us to develop our attitudes toward everything we encounter as quickly as possible, early contacts have the greatest impact on attitude formation. In social psychology, the effect of the first impression of a person and its influence on subsequent attitudes towards him are well known and studied.

Relationships can be of varying degrees of generality: along with the attitude towards specific people, each person has an attitude towards people in general, as well as separate attitudes towards men, women, old people, youth, Americans, Chinese, Jews, Russians, gypsies, Muscovites, Siberians, St. Petersburg residents , artists, scientists, collective farmers, military men, “new Russians”, politicians, democrats, conservatives, radicals, salesmen, drivers, prostitutes, doctors, blondes, blondes, brunettes, brunettes, redheads, heroine mothers, bachelors, classmates, colleagues department, etc., etc. At the same time, the attitude towards a specific person may differ from the attitude towards the category of people to which he belongs as a whole. This is due to the fact that the attitude towards a specific person is almost always determined by individual experience of communicating with him, and the attitude towards a category of people is an artificial, always strained generalization, allowing for a lot of exceptions. This has already been discussed in the section on types. Closer direct acquaintance can lead to both strengthening and, often, weakening of the original relationship. Known for his apt aphorisms G.K. Lichtenberg noted: “so-called bad people always gain when you get to know them better, and good people always lose.”

Along with the relationship to the whole, there may also be different relationships to the parts - for example, I may relate to certain areas of my city in a completely different way than to the city as a whole.

Many patterns of formation of attitudes towards people, things and events were formulated and described with utmost clarity in “Ethics Proven in Geometric Order” by the great Benedict Spinoza. Here are two formulas taken at random that outline the psychological mechanics of the formation of rather complex relationships: “If we imagine that someone causes pleasure to an object that we hate, then we will hate him.” “If someone imagines that someone loves him, and does not think that he himself gave any reason for this, then he, for his part, will love him.” Of course, Spinoza’s theorems do not exhaust the mechanisms of meaning formation, but a thoughtful researcher, and not only a researcher, will find in them more useful for understanding the inner world of a person than in many modern monographs.

Constructs. Our needs and values ​​manifest themselves not only in the form of attitudes towards specific people, things, events and their general classes. They also manifest themselves in what criteria or characteristics we use when describing, classifying and evaluating them. The same person uses different criteria to describe and classify different objects - this is clear. But the most interesting thing is that different people use different criteria and characteristics when describing the same objects. The system of these criteria and signs, to designate which a special concept of constructs was introduced in psychology, is the most important characteristic of a person’s inner world.

This concept was introduced by the American psychologist George Kelly, who made it the cornerstone of his theory of personality. Kelly was the first to draw attention to the fact that different people perceive, classify and evaluate things, people and events in different systems of concepts (constructs), and that sometimes they tend to hold on to their constructs, even if experience clearly shows that these constructs lead to erroneous estimates and forecasts. Thus, Kelly explains intolerance and aggression precisely by a person’s inability to give up his usual constructs: “If people do not behave as he expects, he will force them! So his idea of ​​them will become true!” Kelly talks about the determining influence of nuclear personality constructs on its entire psychological organization. According to Kelly, meaning is given to a person only in terms of his personal constructs.

Most constructs can be formulated in the form of bipolar scales, which we automatically apply to things, people and events, fixing their position on this scale. A person is old or young, smart or stupid. A book is easy or difficult, interesting or uninteresting. Weather - wet or dry, warm or cold. Many constructs describe objects and phenomena in the language of their objective properties and are not directly related to personality characteristics. Any person can assess whether it is warm or cold, although specific assessments may vary depending on the position of the reference point: a St. Petersburg resident will evaluate the same weather as warm, and a Tbilisi resident will evaluate it as cold.

But personality has nothing to do with it. It comes onto the scene where we begin to use scales that describe not objective, but subjective dimensions of objects - dangerous or safe, good or bad, convenient or inconvenient, funny, scary, pleasant... This also includes characteristics that, it would seem, , describe the objects themselves (people, things, events) - good, evil, fair, aggressive, smart, ugly - but there is no objective measure of all these traits. Those constructs that characterize the personality itself - semantic constructs - are set by the needs and values ​​inherent in a person and therefore one of their poles is always “good”, associated with what is desirable and valuable, and the second is “bad”. In fact, any semantic construct correlates an object or phenomenon with any need or value of an individual, and therefore, based on the constructs used by a person, one can “calculate” his needs and values. “In families where money is not the main value of life, the positions “rich - poor” are not perceived as opposites...” Their opposition in the form of a personal construct is possible, in turn, in two versions: “Poverty is not a vice, but a big disgusting thing” and “Peace to huts, war to palaces,” which differ in which of the two poles of the opposition “wealth - poverty” acts as "good". The connection with personal values ​​is obvious here. Even constructs that describe the objective properties of objects can acquire this connection. In this case, they seem to “glue together” with the evaluative-semantic dimension and begin to work as semantic ones. You don’t have to look far for examples; just glance at a dozen newspaper marriage advertisements. Judging by the bulk of them, the greatest meaning and value is carried by such a characteristic of a desirable partner as height.

Thanks to the existence of semantic constructs, we are able to evaluate any object or phenomenon that we encounter, not only through the prism of current needs, but also to correlate it, in principle, with any needs and values, even completely irrelevant at the moment. Moreover, the more significant certain things or events are for a person, the more complex and individually unique the system of constructs will be used to evaluate them.

Meaning of life. So, we have examined the second level of personality structure - the value-semantic dimension of its existence, its inner world. The sources and carriers of meanings that are significant for a person are his needs and personal values, relationships and constructs. In their form, a person’s personality represents all the meanings that form the basis of his inner world, determine the dynamics of his emotions and experiences, structure and transform his picture of the world and its core - the worldview. All of the above applies to any meanings that are firmly rooted in the individual. But one of these meanings is worth dwelling on separately, since in terms of its globality and role in a person’s life, it occupies a very special place in the structure of the individual. This is the meaning of life.

The question of what the meaning of life is is not within the purview of psychology. The field of interest of personality psychology, however, includes the question of what impact the meaning of life or the experience of its absence has on a person’s life, as well as the problem of the psychological causes of loss and ways of finding the meaning of life. The meaning of life is a psychological reality, regardless of what exactly a person sees this meaning in.

Thus, it can be argued that the life of any person, since it is directed toward something, objectively has meaning, which, however, may not be realized by the person until death. At the same time, life situations (or psychological research) can pose a task for a person to understand the meaning of his life. To realize and formulate the meaning of your life means to evaluate your life as a whole. Not everyone successfully copes with this task, and this depends not only on the ability to reflect, but also on deeper factors. If my life objectively has an undignified, petty, or, indeed, immoral meaning, then this awareness threatens my self-respect. To maintain self-respect, I internally unconsciously renounce the true meaning of my real life and declare that my life is meaningless. In fact, what lies behind this is that my life is devoid of worthy meaning, and not that it has no meaning at all. From a psychological point of view, the main thing is not a conscious idea of ​​the meaning of life, but the saturation of real everyday life with real meaning. Research shows that there are many opportunities to find meaning. What gives life meaning can lie in the future (goals), in the present (a feeling of fullness and richness of life), and in the past (satisfaction with the results of the life lived). Most often, both men and women see the meaning of life in family and children, as well as in professional affairs.

The inner world of the individual manifests itself through two main mechanisms: freedom and responsibility.

Liberty– a form of activity. V. Frankl speaks about human freedom in relation to his desires, heredity, factors and circumstances of the external environment.

Freedom in relation to desires is manifested in the ability to say “no” to them, accept or reject them. Even when a person acts under the influence of an immediate need, he allows it to determine his behavior and retains the freedom not to allow it. The situation is similar when it comes to the determination of human behavior by values ​​or moral norms - a person allows or does not allow himself to be determined by them.

Freedom in relation to heredity is treating it as material, the ability of a free spirit to build from this material what it needs. Frankl characterizes the organism as an instrument, as a means that a person uses to realize his goals.

Human freedom in relation to external circumstances, although not unlimited, exists, expressed in the ability to take one position or another in relation to them. Thus, the very influence of circumstances on a person is mediated by the person’s position in relation to them.

For what does a person have freedom?

In different works, Frankl offers different formulations, but their meaning is common:

it is the freedom to take responsibility for your destiny;

this is the freedom to listen to your conscience and make decisions about your destiny;

it is the freedom to change, the freedom from being this way, and the freedom to become different.

Frankl defines man as a being who constantly decides what he will be in the next moment. Freedom is not what he has, but what he is. “A person decides for himself; any decision is a decision for oneself, and a decision for oneself is always the formation of oneself” [55, p. 114].

Making such a decision is an act of not only freedom, but also responsibility. Freedom devoid of responsibility degenerates into arbitrariness.

A person is free to find and realize the meaning of life, even if his freedom is noticeably limited by objective circumstances.

Responsibility– a form of regulation. Responsibility involves recognizing one’s actions as one’s own, the so-called “authorship of life.” This responsibility is associated with the burden of a person choosing which opportunities hidden in the world and in himself deserve to be realized and which do not. This is a person’s responsibility for the authenticity of his being, for correctly finding and realizing the meaning of his life. In essence, this is a person’s responsibility for his life.

Personality types:

Autonomous type (self-determining);

Quasi-free (no responsibility);

Quasi-responsible (no freedom);

Conflict type (no freedom, no responsibility).

Liberty implies the possibility of overcoming all forms and types of determination external to the human deep existential self. Human freedom is freedom from causal dependencies, freedom from the present and past, the opportunity to draw motivating forces for one’s behavior in an imaginary, foreseeable and planned future, which does not exist an animal, but not every person has it. At the same time, human freedom is not so much freedom from the above-mentioned connections and dependencies as overcoming them; it does not cancel their action, but uses them to achieve the desired result. As an analogy, we can cite an airplane that does not cancel the law of universal gravitation, but nevertheless takes off from the ground and flies. Overcoming gravity is possible due to the fact that the forces of gravity are carefully taken into account in the design of the aircraft.

A positive characterization of freedom must begin with the fact that freedom is a specific form of activity. If activity is generally inherent in all living things, then freedom, firstly, is a conscious activity, secondly, mediated by the value “for what,” and, thirdly, an activity completely controlled by the subject himself. In other words, this activity is controlled and at any point it can be arbitrarily stopped, changed or turned in a different direction. Freedom, therefore, is inherent only to man, but not to everyone. The internal lack of freedom of people is manifested first of all in a lack of understanding of the external and internal forces acting on them, secondly, in a lack of orientation in life, in throwing from side to side, and, thirdly, in indecision, inability to reverse the unfavorable course of events, to get out of situations, to intervene as an active force in what happens to them.

Responsibility to a first approximation, it can be defined as a person’s awareness of his ability to act as a cause of change (or resistance to change) in the world around him and in his own life, as well as conscious management of this ability. Responsibility is a type of regulation that is inherent in all living things, but the responsibility of a mature personality is an internal regulation mediated by value guidelines. Such a human organ as conscience directly reflects the degree of discrepancy between a person’s actions and these guidelines.

With internal lack of freedom there cannot be full personal responsibility, and vice versa. Responsibility acts as a prerequisite for internal freedom, since only by realizing the possibility of actively changing the situation can a person attempt such a change. However, the opposite is also true: only through outwardly directed activity can a person come to realize his ability to influence events. In their developed form, freedom and responsibility are inseparable; they act as a single mechanism of self-regulating, voluntary, meaningful activity inherent in a mature personality, in contrast to an immature one.

At the same time, the ways and mechanisms for the formation of freedomand responsibilities are different. The path to freedom is the acquisition of the right to activity and the value guidelines of personal choice. The path to developing responsibility is the transition of activity regulation from the outside to the inside. At the early stages of development, there may be a contradiction between spontaneous activity and its regulation as a type of contradiction between external and internal. The contradiction between freedom and responsibility in their developed mature forms is impossible. On the contrary, their integration, associated with the individual’s acquisition of value guidelines, marks a person’s transition to a new level of relations with the world - the level of self-determination - and acts as a prerequisite and sign of personal health.

Adolescence is a critical age in terms of personality formation. Throughout it, a number of complex mechanisms are consistently formed, marking the transition from external determination of life and activity to personal self-regulation and self-determination, a radical change in the driving forces of personal development. The source and driving forces of development in the course of these changes shift inside the personality itself, which gains the ability to overcome the conditioning of its life activities by its life world. Along with the formation of appropriate personal structures and mechanisms - freedom and responsibility - they are filled with meaningful values, which is expressed in the formation of an individual worldview, a system of personal values ​​and, ultimately, in a person’s acquisition of spirituality as a special dimension of personal existence.

The inner world of a person as one of the factors in his reaching the pinnacle of his development. B.G. Ananyev in his book “Man as an Object of Knowledge” specifically draws attention to the fact that in order to say why a person comes to this or that decision, looking for a way out of some difficult situation for him or why he does not react differently to some event happening around him, or why he responds to something else in some way, then, taking into account the action of a number of factors, in no case should we let the work of his inner world out of sight . B.G. Ananyev emphasized that the laws of formation and functioning of this world must be studied, because without knowledge of them there will be no complete understanding of the manifestation of the subjective principle in a person when he reflects reality, his attitude towards it and his behavior in this reality.

In the inner world of a person, all the impressions that reality gave him during the lived segment of his life are integrated, the experiences caused by these impressions are generalized and individually and uniquely systematized, his behavioral responses to the above impressions and his own actions committed on personal initiative are evaluated.

The inner world of a person always works, wrote B.G. Ananyev. It involves a reassessment of values, changing previous positions in relation to new formations arising in society and to events occurring in a person’s immediate environment. Changes are made in attitudes towards specific people; There is a constant restructuring of the “I-concept”; Plans for building your own life line, designed for the near and more distant future, are concretized.

It goes without saying that if you compare the work of the inner world of different people, you will find similarities and, of course, greater or lesser differences. The similarity, perhaps, will lie in the fact that each person has his own inner world. But these inner worlds can coincide and differ in such characteristics as the directions of their greatest activity, the breadth of coverage of problems that are worked out in this inner world, the scale or caliber of these problems, and finally, the specific effectiveness of the activity of this inner world.

And if we now reveal these signs more specifically and meaningfully, then for some people the direction of the work of their inner world - their dialogues with themselves - meaningfully revolves around their narrowly personal problems, discussion and determination of ways, to use the terminology of A. Maslow, to satisfy their deficient or directly most simple everyday needs. For other people, the named direction of the work of their inner world is aimed at finding ways to optimally satisfy, if we again use the terminology of A. Maslow, existential, that is, higher moral and spiritual needs, which are directly related to the basic values ​​of life and culture and which, for some reason, specific circumstances have somehow invaded, as an urgent necessity, the inner world of a person who, through a painfully intense dialogue with himself, makes a decision that responds to the voice of his conscience.

There may be not one such universal human problem, worked out in the inner world of a particular person, but several or simply many. And then the inner world of this person will be richer in content.

If we further compare the inner worlds of different people, then some of them, due to the lower creative potential of their intellect and weaker motivational charge, have problems in their inner world, their understanding, their causes, methods for solving them - everything that has become the content of the work of their inner world , turns out to be socially lightweight and trivial in its results. Others, whose creative intellect is more powerful, have richer life experience, are more motivated by motivation for intensive work in the inner world, the effectiveness of this work is more extraordinary and the design of its results is more definite, more realistic and specific.

The facts of life tell us, therefore, that the work of a person’s inner world can be analyzed, keeping in mind the caliber of the personality, whose inner world interests us. So, if we compare the content, breadth and depth of the work of L.N. Tolstoy’s inner world, which is recorded in his diaries, works of art, moralizing parables, wise thoughts for every day, with the same parameters of the inner world of some eminent pseudo-democrat - our contemporary - a hypocritical guardian for the people's happiness, the moral and spiritual wretchedness and frailty of his inner world will immediately become apparent, if we evaluate, by and large, the focus of the work of this world, supposedly on finding real ways to deliver the majority of our people from poverty, the danger of cultural savagery and gradual extinction, but We will find in this world the most active work of thought aimed at finding new, additional ways to increase our fortune, neutralizing rivals, strong feelings about personal mistakes in this field, etc.

It is probably already clear from what has been said that people with a rich and spiritually and morally meaningful inner world gift those around them, and therefore all of humanity, with actions and deeds that are a greater or lesser contribution to the treasury of culture, considered in a broad sense.

Therefore, the family, school of all levels, and mass media are faced with the task of not limiting their vision of the goal of education to achieving such a level of activity in the cognitive world, the style of communication of people, and the performance of their work duties that correspond to the formula “do as I do” (that is, as they instill it family, school, media), and certainly go further and develop in children, adolescents, young men, adults at a level accessible to each age level the need and ability for independent and creative work in the nature of the work of their inner world, the content of which would not be only the problems of their everyday life - everyday life, learning, communication, family affairs, professional work, but also necessarily the near and distant society (Fatherland, humanity, planet Earth), deeply affecting them, mobilizing their thoughts and being realized in actions and deeds that do not diverge with the voice of their conscience and being a contribution to the values ​​of life and culture.

Not only depending on other factors, but also on how actively and productively a person’s inner world works, the depth and objectivity of the assessment of the result of his activity as an individual and as a subject of professional work at every moment of his life is determined.

That's why a person is a strategist in building his life line, planning as an individual to accomplish actions that are significant for the society of which he is a member, and as a subject of activity - innovative achievements in his main field of work, all other things being equal, he achieves his goal faster if he misses each step and the circumstances in which it has to be taken, through your intensely working inner world.

From the above, it becomes clear that the study of the peculiarities of the work of a person’s inner world is one of the areas of research that acmeology should develop and carry out.

The concept of “psyche”, “soul”

The psyche is the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment and is a special property of highly organized matter to subjectively reflect objective reality. This property is necessary in order to navigate and actively interact with the environment, and also for a person to control his behavior. Both humans and animals have a psyche; the highest form of the human psyche can be designated by the concept of “consciousness,” but it is narrower, because the psyche contains the sphere of the subconscious and superconscious (“Super-I”).

The term “psyche,” used in philosophy, psychology, and medicine, is quite complex, and a number of its definitions only indicate that it is quite difficult for scientists to say unambiguously what it is. What scientists are definitely talking about is that the psyche cannot simply be reduced to the nervous system, although the nervous system is indeed one of the organs of the psyche. When the activity of the nervous system is disrupted, the psyche is disrupted and suffers.

The psyche is not given ready-made from the moment of birth and does not develop on its own, just as the human soul does not appear by itself if the child is isolated from people. The human psyche is formed in the course of communication and interaction with other people, in the process of their assimilation of the culture created by previous generations.

All currently available definitions of the psyche are related to the inner world of a person, his relationship to his environment or the external environment. The most understandable, simple and successful definition of this complex term is as follows - the psyche is nothing more than the subjective inner world of a person, which is determined by his interaction with the outside world.

Definition

Thus, the psyche includes several components: the external world, nature, its reflection - full-fledged brain activity - interaction with people, active transmission of human culture and abilities to new generations.

The concept of “psyche” is now used instead of the concept of “soul”. Nevertheless, quite a lot of words and entire expressions have been preserved in the language, derived from the original root: animate, soulful, soulless, intimate conversation, etc. From the point of view of linguistics, “soul” and “psyche” are one and the same. But as culture and science developed, the meanings of these concepts diverged.

Each person is a purely individual phenomenon, therefore the soul of each person represents the unique characteristics of his personality. Despite the uniqueness of each person, it is still possible to speak generally about the human soul in general. In religion and idealistic philosophy, as well as in psychology, the concept of “soul” is considered as an immaterial substance independent of the body, and science defines the soul as a special inner world of a person. This is the world into which the content is embedded, the information “filling” of the personality, which has the short designation “I”. This personal pronoun includes a certain worldview, life values, a body of knowledge and ideas about the surrounding reality. All these ideas are acquired by a person in the process of growing up, learning and practical life and determine the individual’s attitude to the outside world.

When considering the soul, neither philosophy nor psychology can do without considering the connection between the spiritual world of a person and the activity of his brain, therefore a person is a mental-physical psychophysical being. The soul in the form of an individual subject is expressed in the characteristics of temperament, character, talent, and having many modifications, it distinguishes one person from another, therefore the originality of the mental makeup with unique features determines the uniqueness of the individual. Emotions, feelings, morality, moral laws belong to the sphere of the soul. For psychology, the concept of “soul” is of fundamental importance, this is understandable, because the name of the science itself is nothing more than “the science of the soul.”

For people, the concept of “soul” is far from ambiguous - some believe that it is a function of the brain, for others the soul is born along with the body and continues to exist after death. Thus, a person is a synthesis of soul, mind and body, whose inner world is associated with the concept of “spirit”.

The concept of “human inner world”

A. Men believed that the most important thing in a person is that which cannot be touched with hands, seen with eyes, cannot be weighed and measured. This is the mental reality of a person, the organized content of his psyche or inner world.

Socrates also said that a life that is not known is not worth living.

Psychologists are making attempts to establish general patterns of human psychological life, but this is only one of the ways to understand one’s own inner world. The best psychologist of this world is each individual person, because by becoming self-aware, a person receives at least four amazing opportunities:

• Get to know yourself;
• Evaluate yourself;
• To change yourself;
• Accept yourself.

In self-awareness, psychology and philosophy play a huge role, which tries to answer the main questions that concern a person:

• What is a person?
• The purpose and meaning of human existence;
• The role and place of man in the world.

Psychology questions are a little simpler:

• The structure of the human psyche;
• Psychological properties of personality;
• The similarities and differences between people;
• How a person thinks, feels, acts.

The basis of the inner, spiritual world is the intellect. Thanks to intelligence, a person lives, determines his highest needs, understands the world that surrounds him and himself in this world, forms his own guidelines, sets goals and objectives.

The inner world of a person, therefore, has a complex structure and is represented by such elements as:

• Emotions are the most striking component of a person’s inner world. In a person’s soul, many experiences leave a deep imprint due to the emotions experienced, and events that are not charged with emotions are quickly forgotten.
• Feelings. They are also emotions, but only more permanent. As a rule, they last quite a long time and are less dependent on external “recharging”. Feelings can be associated with a specific person, object or some phenomenon.
• Worldview. It is considered the main law of the formation of the inner world.

Worldview includes moral guidelines and principles, views on life. The development and enrichment of a person’s inner world occurs much faster if a person has a holistic and logically clear worldview. You can form a worldview yourself, focusing on your own ideals and aspirations.

The inner world of people is individual and unique and arises as a result of reflection of the outer world. The inner world of a person and the outer world are closely connected and depend on each other.

As a result of the research, experts have identified the most common states of the human psyche that characterize his inner world:

• “Self-expressions of the Self” are a person’s thoughts about himself. This is a monologue (monological thinking) with a predominance of the pronoun I in internal speech;
• "Thinking about something else." This state is a dialogue where the pronoun “you” predominates. The condition is characterized by self-approval with possible mental self-criticism;
• “Non-objectivity of mental images.” The subject of this state is focused on himself, his own merits, while his own shortcomings are rejected. Other participants are imagined in an abstract form, as if kept in their heads;
• "Planning for the future." In this state, a person comprehends his prospects, sets goals for himself, reflects on the problems of their implementation, and plans for the future;
• "Fixation on an obstacle." In this state, a feeling of loneliness arises and the possibility of interaction in resolving the situation is rejected. This happens because a person focuses or fixes his attention on some obstacles and difficulties;
• "Sensory perception of the world." Thoughts are voiced in the form of voices, and all images are presented very brightly and in contrast;
• "Fantasies". The state is creative, obstacles seem insignificant, because a way out can definitely be found, and goals are quite achievable. The person feels active and full of energy.

It becomes quite clear that the inner world of a person is closely connected with the external world and is its reflection in an individualized form. The inner world of each person is formed and filled through life experience, in the process of cognition.

The inner world of a person is unique and inimitable; thanks to this phenomenon, people create works of art: painting, music, masterpieces of literature and cinema. The deep inner world of people enriches the planet and gives many useful discoveries.

What is the inner world of a person?

The concept of the inner world is very multifaceted, it can mean biological processes occurring in the body, such as the speed of connection of synapses, the location of internal organs, thinking processes, but to the same extent this concept can be attributed to the mental organization of a person, the state in which he is: harmony or chaos. Every person has an inner world, but for some it is the whole Universe, while for others it is a barely lit “small closet”.

The inner world of a woman

Men will never come closer to understanding what the inner world of a woman is like, because the beautiful representatives of humanity are a mystery to themselves. The inner female world is a treasury of different states, the ability to visualize events and phenomena and influence the world. If a woman is closed inside herself and does not allow herself to bloom and be beautiful, she will never inspire her man to achieve accomplishments. What helps a woman enrich her inner world:

• communication with the Divine (singing mantras, heart-to-heart conversations with God);
• reading developmental, psychological and spiritual literature;
• handicrafts (the ones you like);
• listening to classical music;
• communication with friends, older women;
• communication with nature.

The inner world of a man

Popular psychology describes a man’s inner world as a space in which he can indulge in dreams, thoughts, and psychologists believe that a man’s spiritual organization is more subtle and vulnerable than a woman’s. In his inner world, a man who is often externally successful is a little boy looking for approval and recognition that he could not get from his parents. A wise woman senses this and gives him respect and the opportunity to grow. Men contribute to the development of their inner world:

• trips;
• moderate austerities;
• sport;
• overcoming obstacles;
• responsibility for the family;
• sincere conversations with your soulmate.

Inner world of personality

What the inner world of a person consists of is difficult to describe - it is an individual phenomenon. Everything a person encounters throughout life leaves an imprint on the inner universe. Having encountered traumatic and tragic events in childhood, a person carries this within himself in the form of disharmony, expressed in phobias and neuroses; people with a “crippled” inner world attract failures in adulthood. A happy childhood forms in a person an internal image of a reliable island from which one can draw strength and heal the soul in the event of a life storm.

What does the inner world look like?

The deep inner world does not have a clear image in the usual sense; it cannot be touched or imposed a specific form. Each time it can be a different image or form, the content can be the same for a long time, if a person “sticks” to certain stereotypes, a rich inner world is in the person who strives for change and knowledge. The structure of a person’s inner world can be described in the following categories:

• emotions– bright events are always accompanied by emotions and leave an imprint on the inner world;
• feelings– (love, hate, joy) are fueled by emotions and change the usual state of affairs;
• worldview– is formed throughout life and has a great influence on the inner world; these are moral guidelines and principles.

How to know your inner world?

How to understand your inner world and not get lost? The ancient sages said: “Know yourself - you will know the world!” Man has differentiated phenomena and events into the categories of good and evil, while forgetting the truth that there is no absolute good and evil, therefore, getting to know themselves, people often pay attention to positive qualities, and shortcomings are ignored and not analyzed, but there is so much potential hidden there, without whose inner world is boring and insipid. To know yourself, you need to accept everything without reserve and decide to use it or transform what you don’t like about yourself into a new quality.

How to change your inner world?

Dissatisfaction with one's life, environment and events leads to the fact that a conscious person begins to wonder what is wrong with him, and how could things be different? Yes, a rich inner world is a true treasure, and if not, then it’s time to change. It is important to start with small steps - if you do everything at once, there is a risk of failure and no amount of motivation will help you further. Psychologists and esotericists give the following recommendations for changing the inner world:

• work with the body (yogic practices, breathing techniques, basic daily exercises for the body - in a healthy body the spirit will perk up);
• mental practices - working with thoughts, filtering negative ones and replacing them with positive ones;

In order to change the internal content, it is important to stop:

• condemn people;
• engage in self-flagellation;
• feel sorry for yourself.

Development of the inner world of man

The soul and inner world of a person are not in a frozen position and need constant development. A rich inner spiritual world nourishes the soul and its potential grows. From childhood, parents should instill in a child a sense of beauty, virtue and teach him to express himself and his emotions. Inner peace develops from simple actions and rituals:

• correct - food should be medicine for the soul and body, everything with which a person fills himself becomes it;
• interaction with nature - forests, water sources, clean air fill the body with energies;
• helping other people and the ability to ask for help yourself in necessary cases - all people on higher planes are a single organism, helping others who need help, a person helps himself;
• gratitude - to be in this state means to have a harmonious inner world, there is always something to thank life and God for;
• the ability to rejoice and act from the circumstances offered by life, whatever they may be.

The inner and outer world of man

“Have you ever felt like you are out of favor with the universe?” – the heroine of the film “Cloud Atlas”, journalist Luisa Rey, asks physicist Isaac Sachs. What is it about? A person comes into this world with a specific mission and for trials. Inner worlds, outer worlds - everything is interconnected, they attract each other. People whose inner world is based on the desire to know the truth, the truth and the struggle for this may encounter an external world that will give them the basis for this struggle. Everything the inner world needs, the outer world provides it.

Books that shape a person's inner world

Good literature is like a friend and can even become a spiritual teacher for a person who knows himself. A read book for the soul and mind is time well spent, a huge resource and a “brick” in building the inner Universe. Books that shape a person’s inner world:

1. « The Sage and the Art of Living» A. Meneghetti. Rise above everyday life, reason and answer useful questions proposed by the author: “Why did I come into this world?” "What is happiness?" "Who am I?".
2. « A chest of magical stories. Therapeutic tales» N. Bezus. Traveling with the heroes of fairy tales, both children and adults will find something that is close to their beautiful inner world, touch the strings of the soul and provide a resourceful state.
3. « Eat. Pray. Love» E. Gilbert. A book that became a worldwide bestseller and was brought to life on screen. The main character's struggles and search for support and love within herself. About how to find the light within yourself.
4. « How to organize your inner world» G. MacDonald. The inner world can be like a blooming garden, beautiful and harmonious, or it can be in chaos, as a result of which the world, like a mirror, brings down problems on a person.
5. « Life without limits» Nick Vujicic. A happy man with a rich inner world, who warms people with just a smile and a glance - he knows how to be happy - God did not give him arms and legs, but gave him a heart full of love.