Particle NOT can be written with words together or separately, NI particle written separately with all words except negative adverbs (from nowhere, nowhere) and pronouns without a preposition ( no one, But from no one). To correctly use the particles NOT and NI in writing, you must differentiate their meanings .

Particle values ​​NOT

1. Negation: the particle does NOT give a negative meaning to a sentence or individual word: Do not go there! - negative meaning of the entire sentence; This thing doesn't belong to me - negative meaning of a single word.

2. Statement with double negative: the repeating particle NOT (the first not before the verb can, the second not before the indefinite form of another verb) has an affirmative meaning: couldn't help but know = knew. In this case, a connotation of necessity and obligation arises: couldn't help but say = should have said.

3. Statement in interrogative and exclamatory sentences: in such sentences (rhetorical questions) the particle does NOT have an affirmative meaning: Where have I not been? (= been everywhere); Who hasn’t visited me! (= everyone was visiting).

NI particle values

1. Negation in sentences without a subject: the particle NI denotes negation in sentences without a subject when complemented in the genitive case: Not a cloud in the sky; There is no sound around; Don `t move! Not a word! The particle NI in this case strengthens the negation that is implied. The negative word NO or the predicate that includes NOT are omitted.

2. Strengthening denial: if there is a negation in a sentence (the word no, the particle is not with a predicate verb, participle or gerund), then NI strengthens this negation: There is not a cloud in the sky; without saying a word; looking neither to the right nor to the left. In this case, the particle NI can be omitted, the meaning of the sentence will not change, only the connotation of intensification will disappear: I didn't have a minute to think. - I didn’t have a minute to think. Such cases must be distinguished from the double use of the particle NOT to indicate a statement. Let's compare: He could not help but know and say - affirmative meaning (he knew and said); He could neither know nor guess - negative meaning, neither can be discarded (he could not know or guess).

3. Statement and generalization after relative pronouns and adverbs in a subordinate clause: the particle NI gives a general affirmative meaning to words who, what, where, when, how much etc., which serve as a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one. Whoever comes, everyone is welcome here = any person will come; No matter how hard I looked, I didn’t notice anything = looked closely for a long time; Wherever I went, I found friends everywhere = been to different places. Such cases must be distinguished from those complex sentences in which subordinate clauses have a negative meaning and in which the particle NOT is written. Let's compare: Whoever does not read this book will not learn much - the subordinate clause has a negative meaning, the action has not been completed (the book has not been read); Whoever reads this book will love it - the subordinate clause has an affirmative meaning, the action is completed (the book is read).

Note! A NI particle repeating with homogeneous terms is considered as coordinating conjunction: Wasn't audible neither sound, neither rustling.

Need to remember!

1. If the repeating particle NI is used in stable expression , That comma between the parts of this turnover is not placed:

No more, no less	Neither yes nor no	Neither day nor night
No end no end	Neither more nor less	Neither yourself nor people
Neither stand nor sit	Neither back nor forward	Neither give nor take
Neither two nor one and a half	Neither alive nor dead	No way about anything
Neither ours nor yours	No answer, no hello	Neither fish nor fowl
Neither light nor dawn	Break a leg	Not a word or a breath
Out of the blue	Neither here nor there	Neither this nor that
Neither here nor there	Neither shaky nor shaky	Neither way nor that

2. When is NOT written, and when is NOT written? (when written separately)

Table “NOT and NOR Particles”

Spelling NOT and NOR.

Spelling is not and neither with different parts of speech.

The rule is divided into two parts:

continuous or separate writing NOT with all parts of speech;

difference between NOT and NOR

Rule.

Integrated and separate writing NOT (the picture can be enlarged by clicking on it)

Distinguish!

Depending on conditions

Part of speech	Together	Apart
nouns, adjectives	= synonym without non-: insincerity = hypocrisy, unpopular = little known	Opposition (union A or antonym), it is impossible to find a synonym: not caution, but cowardice not a mathematician
adverbs	1. Adverbs ending in –O, -E = synonym without non-: not difficult to do (=easy) 2. in negative adverbs: nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no need 3. No wonder = not in vain	1. Adverbs ending in –O, -E, if there is a conjunction a, antonym: lives not close, but far 2. Adverbs not ending in –O, -E: at a wrong time 3. Not for nothing = not free
pronouns	Negative and uncertain NOT/NOR + who, what, which, which, whose, how many, which	1. Others: not yours, not me, not everyone 2. Negative and indefinite, if there is a preposition between them: no one, no need
participles	Without dependent words: unwritten letter In combination with adverbs of measure and degree: absolutely unfinished task	With dependent words: a letter he didn't write
participles and adjectives with suffixes	Without dependent words in the instrumental case (by whom? with what?): least favorite dishes	With dependent words in the instrumental case: our least favorite dishes
Despite/despite	= contrary to: despite his illness, he went for a walk	Literally from the verbs “to look; look": walked without looking at his feet

Difference between NOT and NOR

In a simple sentence

NOT	NI
like denial	like strengthening negation, negation
1. With a verb, participle and gerund: I don't want milk, a nation that doesn't read books	1. For other parts of speech: I don't want milk or tea
	2. In sentences where there is no predicate: Don `t move!
	3. In phraseological units: neither two nor one and a half neither alive nor dead no end no end neither fish nor fowl out of the blue neither this nor that
as a statement
2. In a compound verbal predicate when repeating NOT... NOT = statement: I can't help but come in
3. In interrogative and exclamatory sentences with a general meaning: Who haven't I met?

In a complex sentence, with the words where, where, how, when, what, who, how many NOT/NOR:

Parsing algorithm.

1. Identify the part of speech.

2. See if there are words in the sentence that are NOT always written separately.

3. Pay attention to whether there is a prefix NEDO- or a combination NOT DO-.

4. Regarding parts of speech, remember the rule.

Analysis of the task.

In which sentence is NOT written SEPARATELY with the word?

1) He lacks experience and (doesn’t) have enough patience.

2) Our country is (in)dependent.

3) Somehow they immediately (dis)loved him.

4) We stopped at a site that was not at all suitable for construction.

Option #1.

(Not) enough– verb with NOT (TO)-. Removing NOT-: he has enough patience. You can’t say that, it means it can’t be used without NOT. Write together!

Option #2.

(NOT)dependent – This is a short participle with the suffix –IM. The sentence does not have a dependent word in the instrumental case, which means we are NOT writing together.

Option #3.

(Not) fell in love– without NOT not used. Write together.

XIII Unimpacted particles NOT and NI

§ 48. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of unimpacted particles Not And neither . These particles differ in meaning and use.

1. Particle Not used for negation, for example: I didn't say this. I didn't talk about this. That's not what I was talking about.

It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of using this particle:

a) In the presence of a negative particle Not in both the first and second parts of the compound verbal predicate, the sentence receives an affirmative meaning, for example: I can't help but mention...(i.e. "must mention"), I can't help but admit...(i.e. "I have to confess").

b) In interrogative and exclamatory sentences the particle Not adjoins pronouns, adverbs and particles, forming combinations with them: how not,who isn'twho else,where not, where not,than not,what not, what not and so on.; here are interrogative sentences with the combination Not – whether , For example: Well, how can you not please your loved one!(Griboyedov). Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them?(Pushkin). Why aren't you great?(Pushkin). Where has he been? What has he not seen! Why not work! Searched the light; don't you want to get married?(Griboyedov). Would you like some hay?(Krylov).

c) In connection with the union Bye particle Not used in subordinate clauses of time, denoting the limit until which the action expressed by the predicate of the main sentence lasts, for example: Sit here until I come.

d) Particle Not is part of stable combinations: almost, hardly, hardly, indicating the assumption, far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, denoting reinforced negation, for example: almost the best shooter, almost at five o'clock in the morning, not a fair decision at all, not a bad product at all, far from a reliable remedy.

e) Particle Not is part of the coordinating conjunctions: not that; not that - not that; not only – but; not that it’s not – but; not that not - but, For example: Give me the ring and go; otherwise I'll do something to you that you don't expect(Pushkin). Up above, behind the ceiling, someone is either moaning or laughing.(Chekhov). The partisans had not only rifles, but also machine guns(Stavsky).

2. Particle neither used to strengthen negation, for example: I couldn't profit from a bone anywhere(Krylov). There was not a single clearing in the sky behind(Fadeev). Metelitsa never even looked at those asking(Fadeev). There is not a soul in the village now: everything is empty(Fadeev).

Repeating particle neither takes on the meaning of a conjunction, for example: There was no water or trees anywhere to be seen(Chekhov). Neither muses, nor works, nor the joys of leisure - nothing can replace your only friend(Pushkin). But the crowds flee, not noticing either him or his melancholy(Chekhov). I don't know who you are or who he is(Turgenev).

It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of using the particle neither :

a) Particle neither used before the predicate in subordinate clauses to enhance the affirmative meaning, for example: Obey him in everything he commands.(Pushkin). No matter how hard we tried, he could not distinguish iambic from trochee.(Pushkin). Everywhere I look, there is thick rye(Maikov). Whoever passes, everyone will praise(Pushkin).

Particle neither in subordinate clauses of the indicated type adjoins a relative word or a conjunction, and therefore subordinate clauses begin with combinations: whoeverwhoever,whatever,whatever,no matter how, no matter how,no matter how much, no matter how much,wherever, wherever,wherever, wherever,no matter what, no matter what,no one's, no one'swhenever, whenever and so on.

These combinations have entered some stable circulation: wherever it goes, out of nowhere, at any cost and so on.

b) Particle neither occurs in stable combinations that have the meaning of a categorical order, for example: not moving, not a step further, not a word and so on.

c) Particle neither is part of negative pronouns: nobody, no one (no one) etc.; nothing, nothing (to nothing) etc.; none, none (none) etc.; no one's, no one's (no one's) etc. and adverbs: never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no way, not at all, not at all, not at all, as well as into the particle composition someday .

It is written neither in stable combinations that include pronouns, for example: left with nothing, left with nothing, disappeared for nothing.

d) Double neither is included in stable expressions, which are a combination of two opposed concepts, for example: neither alive nor dead; neither this nor that; neither fish nor fowl; neither give nor take; neither peahen nor crow and so on.

VII. Spelling NOT and NOR

§ 88.Not written together:

1. In all cases where without a negative particle Not the word is not used, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unfortunate, indignant, unwell, unwell, lacking(meaning “not enough”), impossible, impossible, really, unbearable, unshakable, unharmed.

2. With nouns, if the negation gives the word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if the negation gives a word that does not have this particle the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian eg: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists; everyone for non-specialists I liked the report; not Russian will look without love at this pale, bloody, whip-scarred muse (Nekrasov).

3. With full and short adjectives and with adverbs -o(s) , if their combination with Not does not serve to deny any concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: unhealthy looking(i.e. painful), impossible character(i.e. heavy), sea restless(i.e. worried), matter unclean(i.e. suspicious), come immediately(i.e. immediately, immediately), entered not good(i.e. bad).

7. In a verb prefix under- , indicating non-compliance with the required standard, for example: underfulfill(perform below the required standard), overlook(not enough, bad look, miss something), lack of sleep(sleep less than normal).

Note. From verbs with a prefix under- it is necessary to distinguish between verbs with a prefix before- having a negative in front of them Not and denoting an action not completed, for example: don't finish reading book, don't finish your drink tea, don't finish watching play.

§ 89.Not written separately:

1. With verbs, including participial forms, for example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, doesn't speak; cannot help but see; without looking, without looking, slowly.

About continuous writing despite, despite and verbs with a prefix under- see § 88, paragraphs 6 and 7.

Note. Commonly used verb forms numb, numb, numb are written together.

2. With participles: a) in a short form, for example: debt not paid, house not completed, coat not sewn; b) in full form, when the participle contains explanatory words (see § 88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he brought unfinished work, but only individual sketches.

3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: no luck led us to success, and endurance and composure; not death terrible - your disfavor is terrible (Pushkin); morning has come not clear, but foggy; the train is coming not fast and not slow(implied: “at some average speed”); not tomorrow(there cannot but be a contrast here).

Note. You should pay attention to some cases of separate spelling of a particle Not . Particle Not written separately: a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb there is a pronoun starting with as an explanatory word neither , For example: no one (for nobody and so on.) an unnecessary thing, an error that never occurs, no one benefits from taking it on; b) if Not is part of intensifying negations far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he is not our friend at all, far from our only desire, by no means a fair solution, not at all the best way out, far from enough.

4. With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this, not another, not like that, not otherwise, not like that.

About cases of continuous writing Not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, paragraph 5.

Note. Philosophical term not me written with a hyphen.

5. With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.

The expression is written separately not once, For example: Not once he accused himself of being overly cautious (Fadeev).

6. For unchangeable words that are not formed from adjectives and act as a predicate in a sentence, for example: don't mind, don't mind, don't be sorry.

7. For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all not commercial and industrial enterprises; said not in Russian; sing not the old way.

§ 90.Neither written together:

1. In pronouns, if the particle neither is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one's, But: no one, no one and so on.

2. In adverbs never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no way, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all and in the particle someday.

§ 91. In all other cases the particle neither written separately.

About using particles neither cm. § .

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between revolutions none other than..., none other than... from revolutions no one else...; nothing else... eg: it was none other than your brother, but: no one else could say this; It was nothing more than fire, but: nothing else could scare me.

We often encounter the problem of merging and separate writing of particles " Not" And " neither"with other words. The easiest rule to understand and remember here is that:

1. The particle “not” is written together with all words that are not used without “not”(fable, unsociable, ignorant, ridiculous, dislike, be perplexed, impossible, really). In other cases, writing " Not» is subject to the following rules.

2. With verbs and gerunds, the particle “not” is always written separately, except:

• cases specified in the first rule;
• prefixes are under-in verbs that mean “insufficient action” (undernourished, undercooked, underripe).

Note. Not to be confused with verbs with the prefix do- and the particle " Not”, denoting “unfinished action” (not finishing a book, not finishing a movie).

3. With nouns, the particle “not” is written together:

• if for a word with “not” you can find a synonym without this particle (untruth - lie, foe - enemy). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.
• when forming a word denoting persons, with the meaning of opposition (professionals - non-professionals, Russian - non-Russian);

apart:

• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction a (not a friend, but an enemy, not happiness, but grief);
• if a word with " Not" means not people (elephants are not elephants, a story is not a story, cold is not cold).

Note. Exceptions are words-terms that are written together: metals - non-metals.

4. With adjectives, the particle “not” is written together:

• if you can replace the adjective with " Not" is a synonym without this particle (unmarried - single, unfriendly - hostile, short - low). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.

apart:

• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bitter, but sweet; not affectionate, but rude);
• if the adjective is relative (the vase is not crystal, the chain is not silver) or qualitative, denoting color (the sea is not blue, the towel is not yellow);
• (not a shortcut at all, far from useless advice);
• if the particle " Not” is emphasized in an interrogative sentence (Isn’t this statement true? - Is this statement false?);
• if the adjective is written with a hyphen (not commercial and industrial enterprises).

Note 1. Short adjectives are written with " Not”, just like the complete ones from which they are produced (incurable disease - the disease is incurable, the person is not smart, but stupid - the person is not smart, but stupid);

Note 2. If a short adjective does not have a full form, then it will always be written separately with the particle " Not"(he is not happy to meet).

5. With adverbs, the particle “not” is written together:

• if the adverb ends in -o, and it can be replaced with a word similar in meaning (unhappy - sad, not high - low);
• if the adverb is formed from a pronoun (nowhere, nowhere, no time, nowhere);

Apart:

• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bad, but good, not weak, but strong);
• when strengthening negation with explanatory words such as “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”(not at all difficult to do, being nearby is far from accidental)
• with adverbs in a comparative degree (to work no worse than others, to receive no more than others);
• if the adverb is written with a hyphen (to act unfriendly, to dress unsuitably).

Note 1.“Not” with the following adverbs is written separately: not today, not at all, not like that, not otherwise, not quite, not here, not really.

Note 2."Not"

“is written separately with adverbial expressions: not good, not according to the gut, not in moderation, not in a hurry, not by hand, not to taste, not as an example.

6. With participles “not” is written together:

• if the participle is complete and there are no words dependent on it (undried laundry, an unturned book, an unwashed floor)

Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, “not” is written together with the participle: (an extremely rash decision, a completely inappropriate example, but: an example that is completely inappropriate to the rule)

apart:

• if the participle is complete and has dependent words (These works remained unpublished during the writer’s lifetime);
• with short participles (the debt is not paid, the fire is not lit);
• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not printed, but handwritten text, not a fictional, but a real story).

7. The particles “not” and “nor” with negative pronouns are written together(there is no one to ask, there is nothing to be surprised at, no one is forgotten) with everyone else separately (not me, not everyone, neither me nor you).

8. The particle “ni” is also written together with some adverbs(not at all, not at all, nowhere, not at all).

With all other parts of speech, the particle “ni” is written separately.